1. How are the various ecosystems in the park interrelated?
2. What activities outside the park should be considered in the Park Management Plan?1. How do the numbers and sizes of pinfish caught in the seagrass meadows compare with those caught in the open bay?
2. Explain the differences in the number and variety of phytoplankton, copepods, and invertebrate larvae found in the open bay compared to the number and variety in the grass beds.1. What do scientists mean by random selection? Why is it important in science?
2. How do scientists measure the density of seagrass meadows?
3. How are such measurements used?
4. How is density related to the productivity of seagrass meadows?
5. What percentage of seagrass meadows have been lost due to the paths cut across them?1. How might the power plant, farm, marina, seagrass meadows, and open bay waters affect the migration patterns of the manatees?
2. Do the manatees move together or separately from month to month?
3. How might the information you discover during this activity be used to help protect the manatees?
4. What park regulations might be needed to protect the manatees?1. What behaviors do male fiddler crabs exhibit to court a female?
2. What behaviors do male fiddler crabs exhibit to defend their territory?
3. How do you tell the difference between a male and a female fiddler crab?
4. How do fiddler crabs of different species differ?1. What animals can be identified without seeing them?
2. What habitat relationship can you discover between sea turtles and ghost crabs?
3. How do your observations about life on Barrier Beach compare with observations about life in Green Village and in other subsites? (Hint: Think about productivity and diversity.)
4. How do you think development in the dunes area of the island will affect the organisms that live here?
5. What recommendations would you make concerning construction on this part of the island?1. How are the various ecosystems in the park interrelated?
2. What activities outside the park should be considered in the Park Management Plan?1. How can the environmental impact of the marina be reduced?
Ñ How can we improve the refueling operations?
Ñ How can we reduce gas and oil leaks from boats docked at the marina?
Ñ How can we eliminate sewage discharge from boats?
2. Why is gasoline dangerous around boats?
3. Would it be better to just close the marina?1. How does litter harm the environment?
2. What is the range of time for different types of litter to break down?
3. What can we do to reduce the amount of litter that cannot be recycled?1. In what ways does the Fishee River Power Plant affect the organisms in the river?
2. How do cooling ponds work?
3. What is the relationship between water temperature and oxygen?
4. How does the biochemical oxygen demand affect fish populations?
5. How does water runoff affect water quality?1. If an entire population of animals or plants were taken from the estuary, how would the ecosystem change?
2. What are the major sources of energy that fuel the estuarine food web?
2. Why is understanding the estuary's food web important to managing R.U. Green State Park?1. Why would land managers prescribe fire for a woodlands site?
2. What are some things you need to consider before prescribing a controlled burn?
3. What does a "cool" prescribed fire do to a forest? A "hot" fire?
4. How long would it take to restore R.U. Green Forest to its original community?
5. How will the burn affect the watershed around Fishee River?1. What are forest BMPs? Can you describe some?
2. Why is the area around streams only selectively harvested?
3. What is a sustained yield from a forest?
4. What is a watershed and why is it important to fish and wildlife?
5. Do BMPs cost landowners any money?1. What criteria should be considered when locating a campsite?
2. How can you avoid damage to natural resources and still allow people to use an area?
3. Can resource managers relocate wildlife?
4. How is the recreational carrying capacity of an area determined?1. What can we infer about other cultures by examining artifacts from a midden?
2. Do you think it's important to preserve ancient artifacts such as middens? Why or why not?
3. How might you tell where a midden is located?Green Village
The wastewater treatment system is operating near capacity now. How much more waste can it handle? R.U. Green Park wants to build some bath houses in the park section of the beach. Other businesses are planning to build, to take advantage of increased visitors to the park. Village officials are waiting on EcoVenture research to recommend what development, if any, be allowed to take place.
The Green Village City Council is considering building an artificial reef offshore to boost recreational fishing. The EcoVenture team will make recommendations on the location and design of the reef.
Barrier Beach
State officials expect many people will be interested in developing Barrier Beach. EcoVenture research explores the plants and animals currently using the beach as habitat.
Marsh and Mangrove Areas
EcoVenture exploration of these areas provides information on the value of this ecosystem so we'll know the impact of developing it. EcoVenture research examines the behavior of the fascinating fiddler crab, an important species in the salt marsh ecosystem.
Seagrass Meadows
Scientists have recorded substantial damage to the seagrass beds. What is the impact of this damage? What is the value of these areas? EcoVenture research takes us into the seagrass meadows, where we can collect samples of fish and microorganisms to help answer these questions.
In our continuing efforts to protect the endangered manatee, EcoVenture researchers will track manatees and gather information about their behavior patterns.One of the interesting--and challenging--aspects of this site is that we already see a lot of development and industry in this area. The marina has been operating for over 20 years; so has timber harvesting at Birnam Woods. The Fishee River Power Plant has been operating now for almost fifteen years. We're going to have to work with these interests. Who knows? Maybe we can even learn something from them.
Fishee River Marina
The marina has been cited for environment violations related to the pollution and litter problems. EcoVenture research explores the sources of pollution, potential effects on organisms and human beings, and potential solutions.
Fishee River
Fish populations have been declining in certain areas along Fishee River. What is the cause? Some people think it's the warmer water from the power plant. At this subsite, you can explore potential sources of pollution in the river by sampling fish in different areas. You can also explore the biodiversity of the river ecosystem and the energy connections among all organisms in the estuary.
Forest Teamwork
The big issue here is the forest restoration. Part of R.U. Green Forest was a tree farm for decades--just like Birnam Woods. But just before the land was turned over to the state, all the timber with any commercial value was cut and removed. What's left is mostly scrubby oaks and a few longleaf pines. The EcoVenture team recommended that the forest be restored to its original community: longleaf pine, wire grass, turkey oak. The question is how. The team talked to a lot of foresters about the role of fire in restoring an area. EcoVenture research allows you to simulate different types of fires to see which ones will result in restoration. You can also explore different management methods foresters use to manage forests economically without harming the environment.
R.U. Green Campsites
What's a large state park without a campground? But where to locate it without causing environmental damage? That's the subject of research at this subsite. In designing a campground, you can also explore the ancient history of the area and recommend whether or not these artifacts should be maintained.MARINE SITE
Green Village
The wastewater treatment system is operating near capacity now. How much more waste can it handle? R.U. Green Park wants to build some bath houses in the park section of the beach. Other businesses are planning to build, to take advantage of increased visitors to the park. Village officials are waiting on EcoVenture research to recommend what development, if any, be allowed to take place.
The Green Village City Council is considering building an artificial reef offshore to boost recreational fishing. The EcoVenture team will make recommendations on the location and design of the reef.
Barrier Beach
State officials expect many people will be interested in developing Barrier Beach. EcoVenture research explores the plants and animals currently using the beach as habitat.
Marsh and Mangrove Areas
EcoVenture exploration of these areas provides information on the value of this ecosystem so we'll know the impact of developing it. EcoVenture research examines the behavior of the fascinating fiddler crab, an important species in the salt marsh ecosystem.
Seagrass Meadows
Scientists have recorded substantial damage to the seagrass beds. What is the impact of this damage? What is the value of these areas? EcoVenture research takes us into the seagrass meadows, where we can collect samples of fish and microorganisms to help answer these questions.
In our continuing efforts to protect the endangered manatee, EcoVenture researchers will track manatees and gather information about their behavior patterns.
RIVER SITE
One of the interesting--and challenging--aspects of this site is that we already see a lot of development and industry in this area. The marina has been operating for over 20 years; so has timber harvesting at Birnam Woods. The Fishee River Power Plant has been operating now for almost fifteen years. We're going to have to work with these interests. Who knows? Maybe we can even learn something from them.
Fishee River Marina
The marina has been cited for environment violations related to the pollution and litter problems. EcoVenture research explores the sources of pollution, potential effects on organisms and human beings, and potential solutions.
Fishee River
Fish populations have been declining in certain areas along Fishee River. What is the cause? Some people think it's the warmer water from the power plant. At this subsite, you can explore potential sources of pollution in the river by sampling fish in different areas. You can also explore the biodiversity of the river ecosystem and the energy connections among all organisms in the estuary.
Forest Teamwork
The big issue here is the forest restoration. Part of R.U. Green Forest was a tree farm for decades--just like Birnam Woods. But just before the land was turned over to the state, all the timber with any commercial value was cut and removed. What's left is mostly scrubby oaks and a few longleaf pines. The EcoVenture team recommended that the forest be restored to its original community: longleaf pine, wire grass, turkey oak. The question is how. The team talked to a lot of foresters about the role of fire in restoring an area. EcoVenture research allows you to simulate different types of fires to see which ones will result in restoration. You can also explore different management methods foresters use to manage forests economically without harming the environment.
R.U. Green Campsites
What's a large state park without a campground? But where to locate it without causing environmental damage? That's the subject of research at this subsite. In designing a campground, you can also explore the ancient history of the area and recommend whether or not these artifacts should be maintained.I cannot review this application because it is not complete. Have you calculated the additional demand on the system? Have you made a recommendation with regard to approving this application?
Check your work and resubmit.Thanks for your help in reviewing the applications for development. I know it was a difficult task because everybody thinks their proposal is the most important. Your recommendations will help Green Village strike a balance between economic growth and the environmental health of the area. Good job, team!I'm returning this application because your figures for added volume by the proposed development are incorrect. Please check your math and resubmit your recommendation.
In the future, I suggest you double-check your math before sending a recommendation.Approval of this application would put the wastewater treatment system over its operating capacity. The Department of Environmental Protection will not allow us to exceed capacity.
Please reconsider your recommendation. You may wish to review all the applications again.It is unlawful to use tires as reef building material because they are light and easily carried along the ocean floor due to underwater currents. Tires tied together with a steel cable break free when the cable rusts through. Tires may wash onto shore during severe storms.Appliances like washing machines and ovens are not permitted as artificial reef material. Appliances rust away in sea water in less than five years. Reefs constructed of appliances will not last long enough for marine organisms to adjust to the artificial underwater structure. In addition, appliances are relatively lightweight and may roll about the sea floor in underwater currents.Cars may not be used as reef building materials since they contain oils and plastics which are released from the car body as it rusts. Cars bodies rust quickly in sea water. Oils and plastic car fragments pollute ocean water and shoreline environments.Wood and fiberglass boats are not allowed as reef building materials since they tend to move about the sea floor due to underwater currents. Fiberglass fragments break away from the hull and pollute sea water and beaches. Steel hulled boats which have been cleaned of oils and plastics are permitted but rarely used.Concrete highway materials may be recycled to make artificial reefs. These materials are commonly used because they are heavy, don't rust, and do not pollute the ocean floor, sea water, or beaches. Modified concrete drainage pipes or culverts are often used by scientists and marine biologists to study the effects of artificial reefs on marine life. Marine biology is not a field to go into if you don't like the smell of fish! Or, if you get seasick easily. But if you like working outdoors, particularly around water, and you like using science to answer questions about the environment, then you might like marine biology. Here at the Florida Marine Research Institute, I perform marine research--doing some of the same things you'll do in EcoVentures. I also run a program that takes kids out to explore the bay. A pontoon boat is a great classroom!
Actually, I wanted to be an actor when I went to college. So I majored in theatre. But I was also pretty good in science and liked biology a lot. I decided to make marine biology my career because the life of an actor is a little too uncertain for my personality. Now, I feed my appetite for acting by working with a community theatre group here in St. Petersburg. There I get to do a different kind of research--character research. I was one of those kids who never knew what he wanted to be when he grew up. When I was in high school, I went on an archaeology field trip. We visited some Indian mounds that were being excavated. I was fascinated by how much you could learn from bits of pottery and arrowheads. I was also interested in geology--the study of the earth. My mother said it was because I liked to play in the dirt! So I decided to study archaeology and geology when I went to college.
My background in geology helped me get a job with an oil company. This work really helped me understand the impact that human actions have on the environment, our coastal areas in particular. I also got interested in engineering--determining suitable sites for roads, dams, and other structures and how they should be constructed. So I went back to school, and this time studied engineering. Now I work with the Department of Environmental Protection. In this job, I find that everything I've learned--in school and out--is useful in some way.
For someone who got squeamish the first time she tried to hook a worm, I've sure come a long way. In a typical day in the field, I might dive for seagrass samples, sort through nets of organisms from the bay, or analyze tissue samples from fish in a particular spot on the river.
I have a B.S. degree in Chemistry and a Master's degree in marine biology. I recently received my Ph.D in environmental chemistry (so you can call me Dr. Reed!). I work with chemical reactions and compositions in marine and river settings. I also took a lot of English courses in college. You might find that unusual for a scientist, but don't forget: scientists have to communicate what they discover to other people. My background in writing helps me do that. You might think that I've spent a lot of time in school--and you'd be right! But I worked here at the Marine Research Institute during most of the time I was working on my Ph.D. It's possible to work and go to school at the same time. In fact, you learn a lot that way. I had planned to retire as a manager of another treatment plant farther south when Green Village asked me to do some consulting work on the design of the plant here. That was 15 years ago, and at the time, there was no sewage treatment plant--everyone had a septic tank. A septic tank stores sewage underground. Bacteria in the tank breaks down the sewage. The problem with septic tanks, of course, is when you're as close to sea level as we are on the island, you have back-up problems and the sewage seeps above ground, or gets into the water supply. Not a very healthy way to get rid of sewage.
Anyway, when the plant was built, the city offered me the position of manager. I decided I wasn't ready to retire after all. I have plenty of time to fish after work and on week-ends.
My background? I'm a chemist by education and training. Served in the U.S. Marine Corps, learned most of what I know on the job. But I still go to school. Every year I have to take courses to learn about new technologies in wastewater treatment. And new regulations. And I thought the Marines had too many regulations! There have been a lot of changes in the way sewage--waste they call it now--is treated. Good changes. That may be one reason you don't have people getting as sick these days from swimming or fishing in water where treated waste is released. You want to know how the daughter of a Chinese professor of mathematics ends up owning a bait shop on a small island in the United States?
My family is originally from a small village near Shanghai in mainland China. When the Communist Party of Mao Tse-Tung took over our country in 1949, my family fled to the island of Taiwan. Taiwan became the Nationalist Republic of China. In 1970, when I was 20 years old, my father was invited to the United States to teach as a visiting professor at a large university. I begged him to let me go with him because I was fascinated with the United States. Finally, he consented. He thought the experience would be good for me. He stayed for only a year, but I am still here. Why? I met my future husband! He was a student of my father's.
My husband teaches high school in a small town on the mainland. We have lived there almost 20 years. When my children were older, I took a job as a clerk at a grocery store in town. I was soon promoted to assistant manager. I found I had a good business sense, even though I did not go to college. Then, 15 years ago, the man who owned this bait shop retired. He was selling his shop. I thought, why not buy the business myself? I like people, and my experience in the grocery store taught me a lot about business. I was born and raised on a farm in North Florida. A real country boy. What you learn growing up in the country is not the same as what my dad calls "book learning," and it doesn't take the place of a formal education. But it sure does shed a different light on things. When you grow up feeding grain to chickens and pigs and also eating bacon and eggs for breakfast--well, it gives you a real "hands-on" experience with the food chain!
'Course, farm living isn't all you need to become a biologist. I have a bachelor's degree in biology, and I recently went back to school and completed a master's degree in environmental management. In my job with the Department of Environmental Protection, I do a lot of work in state-owned lands. One of our tasks is conducting population inventories to determine the population of various species in different areas. We also review plans for parks and recreation areas to determine what effects development would have on the species living in those habitats. And one of my favorite tasks is helping to design nature trails and educational programs for people who visit our state parks. From the time I was a little girl, my parents and grandparents taught me to respect nature. "The forces of nature are more powerful than any machine made by humans," my grandfather used to say. In my job as a planner for the Department of Environmental Protection, I find ways for people to live in harmony with nature. I help plan recreational sites, like state parks and campgrounds.
I have a bachelor's degree in Urban and Regional Planning. People in this field plan for the future needs of the state, whether it's roads or public facilities. We have to weigh our need for these things against the impact they will have on the environment. That's because we depend on the environment for basic resources--like water. I really like my job because I get to plan places where people can have a good time and really appreciate all that Florida has to offer. I grew up in a big city, so I guess it seems pretty strange that I ended up working for a timber company practically in the middle of nowhere. I started out majoring in botany. That's the study of plants. I was going to be a teacher, like my mother and grandfather. One day I discovered that the University of Florida, where I was a student, had a Department of Forestry. A whole department! I took one course and was hooked.
When most people think of Florida, they think of beautiful sandy beaches. But Florida also has a lot of forested areas--mostly pine. And forestry is an important industry in Florida. As you probably know, wood is used to make paper and paper products. In my job, I find ways to get the best yield of timber for the company while, at the same time, minimizing any damage to the environment. We don't just bulldoze the forest any old way! For example, we've got to be aware of how our harvesting affects the watershed and the habitats of the animals who live in the forests. Psychologists study mental processes and behavior. As a psychology professor at Florida State, my main jobs are teaching and research. One of my strong research interests is pollution psychology. It's a very new field and many people scratch their heads when I tell them I'm a pollution psychologist. What I do is try to learn why people pollute or litter the environment. What mental processes do they go through when they throw litter on the ground or allow pollutants to enter the water? I use my research findings to help companies and government find ways to reduce pollution. For example, I may be able to help a city design a marina that will make it easier for people to dispose of litter or fuel their boats properly.
I have an undergraduate degree in biology, and I've always been interested in the environment. I like being able to combine that interest with my expertise in behavioral psychology. Humans are a fascinating species!A person sees an aerial view when he or she looks downward from a high place such as from an airplane.The art or science of producing and harvesting crops (such as corn or wheat) and raising livestock (such as cows or chickens) for human use.Unlike terrestrial plants, aquatic plants live in the water. They can be either partially or completely covered by the water.The study of things left behind by other people, such as their buildings, pottery, bones, or even garbage. By investigating ancient artifacts, we can get an idea of the life history of ancient people. We can learn specific information about their social behaviors, politics, regions, medicine, diets, and more.Benthic refers to the bottom of either fresh or salt water habitats. The term benthos refers to the plants or animals attached to or resting on the bottom of a body of water. An example is the benthic tube worm that lives in its tube just below the surface of the mud in the salt marsh.A Best Management Practice (BMP) is a technique used to harvest or, in some cases, to preserve a natural resource. In this example, prescribed fire is used to preserve the unique natural features of this pine forest.The Biological (or Biochemical) Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a laboratory test that measures the oxygen requirements of bacterial populations in a given water sample. It is an approximate measure of the organic matter in the sample. It is used to estimate the amount of organic pollution in the water.The amount of living matter in a known area, usually less the water content. It includes the total weight of the living components (including producers, consumers, and decomposers) in an ecosystem at any moment. The biomass of this freshwater marsh habitat would represent the amount of living material in the area. Biomass here would be greater than the biomass in a desert.A marine biologist is someone who studies life forms which live on the surface or under sea water. They usually study coastal and reef waters.Blowouts are dips or low areas of a sand dune. The area looks like a chunk of the sand dune is missing. A blowout can be created on the sand dune when people walk over the dune and destroy the vegetation. This makes a footpath over the dune to the beach. Without the dune plants to hold the sand in place, all the sand, and thus the dune itself, will slowly blow away.Bulkheads are the concrete sea-walls or rock barriers which protect the shoreline from wave erosion.A canister is a small container used for carrying something.A cavity is a hole or nest usually carved out by an animal. The cavity-building animal in this picture is a Red-cockaded woodpecker. The cavity tree refers to a tree that has such a nest or cavity in it.Cholera is a serious bacterial infection of the small intestine. Its symptoms are severe diarrhea and vomiting, muscular cramps and dehydration. The disease is spread by water and food that have been contaminated by feces or solid waste of infected persons. A cholera vaccine is available for people traveling to areas where the infection is common. Other preventative measures include drinking only bottled water and eating only cooked foods.Commensalism is an association between two organisms in which the commensal organism benefits from the host organism. The association does not harm either animal. The benefits of the relationship for the commensal organism may be food, transportation or shelter. This picture shows aphids (the commensal organism) which eat more sap from the plant than they can use. The ants (the host organism) benefit because they like to eat this surplus sugary solution called honeydew. The aphids benefit because they are protected by the ants against predators.A collection of animals and plants that naturally occur in a common environment such as the organisms living in a woodland. Another example is this small community of insects and plants living in close association with each other.Contour lines are the lines on a topo map which mark a certain elevation. Each contour line has a number beside it which indicates the height, above or below sea level, of the area under the line.A topo map shows the physical features of an area. This type of map includes elevations, rivers, roads and lakes. Topo maps always include contour lines.Coordinates are a set of numbers used to locate a specific place on a map or chart. The coordinates on this and most other maps are located along each edge of the map. A crown fire is a destructive forest fire (often called a wildfire) which burns in the upper level of the trees. Crown fires are destructive because they can kill adult trees. They are also often difficult for fire fighters to control. A controlled or prescribed fire has a low burning flame. It burns the forest floor, including the leaf litter and shrubs, leaving the area relatively undamaged.Density refers to the number of things in a given area or volume. If there are many objects in a small area, it is considered to have a high density. If there are only a small number of objects in a large area, it is considered to have a low density. In this picture, notice the high density of fiddler crabs. In other words, there is a large number of fiddler crabs on this small area of land.A person can dilute something by adding more liquid to the mixture. This two part example begins with a picture of a concentrated solution made up of blue food coloring and water. Water is added to the dark blue solution in order to dilute it. The second picture shows the diluted mixture, which is now a light blue.A dissecting microscope is used to view relatively large objects or to view organisms while dissecting them. The open, flat stage of the dissecting microscope allows plenty of space to hold the specimen. A compound microscope is used for viewing much smaller objects, and the stage is usually designed to hold only glass slides.When a solid or a gas changes into a liquid, it is said to have dissolved. In this picture, salt will be dissolved in the water. The second picture shows that the salt (a solid) has dissolved in the water (a liquid).The dissolved oxygen level is the amount of oxygen molecules spread throughout a body of water. Diurnal refers to something that occurs every day. Animals that are active during the day, like this gray squirrel, are called diurnal.An ecosystem is a community of organisms, plus the physical environment (air, land, water), in which they live and interact. An ecosystem is described by the types of organisms found in it. Examples include a marine ecosystem, a forest ecosystem, a grassland ecosystem and a soil ecosystem. This picture shows a longleaf pine ecosystem, named for the trees (longleaf pines) that are abundant there.Any species, plant or animal, that is at risk of extinction because of human activity is called endangered. The West Indian manatee shown here is endangered throughout its range. These animals are dying because of human activities, like boating; their low reproductive rate; and loss of habitat. High death rates continue to keep the number of manatees low.The environment is the sum total of all the surroundings of an organism. This marsh is the home environment of many organisms, like the great blue heron. A description of the great blue heron's marshy environment would include the climate conditions, substrate (soil type), water pH and the other organisms living in it.Erosion is the wearing away of geological formations such as rock and soil. The soil and/or rock material can be eroded by running water, wind or moving ice (glaciers). The sandy dunes on beaches can be eroded by tides and wind. Stabilizing plants, like sea oats, hold down the sand, helping to prevent erosion.Evaporation is the loss of moisture in the form of water vapor. It is the physical change when a liquid (water) becomes a gas (water vapor). This change of state requires heat. In this case the sun will evaporate some of the water from Lake Miccosukee, near Tallahassee.An animal or plant species is extinct when members of the species are no longer present in the world. Extinction can be caused by natural events, such as a volcanic eruption, or by human actions, such as the development of wetlands. Fauna is the term used to describe the group of animals present in any one place or any one time in history. The wild boar is part of the fauna of this forested area.An object is flammable if it easily catches fire. An example would be gasoline, which is extremely flammable. It is important not to light matches around gasoline pumps.First-order consumers, also referred to as herbivores, are animals which eat plants. These first-order consumers are "first" because they "eat at the beginning" of the food chain (the first trophic level). Flora is the term used to describe the plant species present in any one place or at any one time in history. This Saw palmetto is part of the flora of Florida.A food chain is a simple sequence of organisms arranged to show which organisms are eating others. Each organism in the chain derives its energy from the organism preceding it in line. A simplified version of the food chain shown in this picture would be: (1) bottom dwelling worms----(2) sucker fish----(3) anhingaA food web is made up of many food chains linked together. In nature, simple food chains rarely exist. Nutritional relationships between organisms are very complex. This complexity can be more easily shown in a food web where more than one link or feeding order can be shown for each organism. See the Feed Me EcoVenture.An animal is foraging when it searches for, obtains and consumes food. Wild hogs can be seen here foraging for roots. The females (called sows) and their young forage in family groups, usually of about half a dozen animals. Sometimes one group joins other groups in herds up to 50.A forest is a large area of land that is covered with trees and undergrowth. This is a picture of a pine forest.Fallen leaves that collect on the ground in the forest are called forest or leaf litter. Grazing is the act of feeding on plants, algae or phytoplankton. Cows can often be seen grazing on grass growing in the fields. Manatees graze on seagrass beds.A habitat is the part of the environment occupied by an animal or plant. Examples are a stream, meadow land, or salt marsh. Organisms are adapted to the particular physical conditions within the habitat. This scrub jay can only live in scrub oak habitats.A hectare is a metric unit used to measure large areas of land. One hectare (ha) is a 10,000-meter-square area. Imagine a square whose sides are each 100 meters long. The area inside the square would be one hectare. It is equal to 2.47 acres. It is slightly larger than a football field on each side.The herbaceous parts of plants are all the nonwoody parts, like leaves. Plants are called herbaceous if they resemble shrubs, or have no trunks or heavy stems. These garden plants are herbaceous.An herbicide is any chemical that kills plants. Herbicides can be highly selective. For example, 2,4-D kills only dicotyledons (broad-leafed plants) leaving other plants unharmed.A hydrologist is a scientist who studies the properties, distribution and circulation of water. The water can be either on or below the earth's surface or in the atmosphere. A hydrologist would be needed to investigate how salt water intrusion into fresh water areas would affect wildlife.Hydrology is the science dealing with the properties, distribution and circulation of water. The water can be either on or below the earth's surface or in the atmosphere.A microorganism is any single-celled organism such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus. It can also refer to any organism that is microscopic in size. An organism is microscopic, like this dinoflagellate, if it cannot be seen without the use of a microscope.To infer something means to arrive at a conclusion by reasoning from evidence. A person makes inferences when he or she considers all the facts and then draws a conclusion based on those facts. Scientists must make inferences from the data or information they collect. For example, "From the latest observations, the researcher inferred that the theory was wrong." A jetty is a long, narrow structure built out into the water (usually the sea) to protect harbors and marinas from strong waves and tides. The jetty blocks the incoming waves, slowing them down before they reach the shore.A mast-producing tree contains nuts and seeds which provide food for wildlife. This pine tree with cones is a good example of a mast-producing tree.A model is a miniature representation of something. Models make it easier to understand complex processes that often have many interconnected parts. Scientists use models to see how real things might perform.Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless element. In its gas form, it makes up 78% of the atmosphere. Nitrogen can also be found in all living tissues. As a result of the activity of living organisms, nitrogen is circulated throughout the environment in the nitrogen cycle.Animals that are active at night, moving about looking for food, are called nocturnal. This opossum can often be seen at night foraging for food.Nutrients are any substance that organisms take in and use for growth and energy. Macronutrients are elements required in relatively large amounts. These include carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Micronutrients are substances required in small amounts. These are trace elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron.An organism is any living plant or animal. This monarch butterfly is an organism.Organic matter is any material made up of carbon-based compounds. This includes the tissues of all living or decaying animals or plants.A pelagic organism is a good swimmer and can swim against the currents. They do not drift along in the currents like planktonic organisms, nor do they live on the bottom as the benthic organisms do. A good example of a pelagic organism is the larger, free swimming fish like this barracuda, which can be seen in deep waters swimming up to 25 miles per hour.Something is perennial if it is present during all seasons. A perennial plant is one that grows from year to year. A perennial stream is a one that flows without interruption all year long.Petroleum is an oily, flammable liquid that may be almost colorless or black. Petroleum is found in the upper strata (layers) of the earth's crust. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and is used for making gasoline.Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into organic chemicals using the energy of sunlight. During photosynthesis, green plants trap the energy from sunlight. They transform this energy into potential chemical energy, which can be stored indefinitely. Once created, this stored energy can be used later when and where it is needed in the plant.Just as human pioneers explore unsettled territory, pioneer species of plants are those that first grow in newly formed or cleared land. These species of plants are hardy and capable of adapting to a changing environment. After a time, the pioneer species of plants will be outgrown by other plants. This process is called succession, which starts with the pioneer community of organisms and ends with the climax community of organisms.The study of why people pollute the environment. People who are pollution psychologists try to use their knowledge to help design facilities and educate the public in order to reduce pollution. The predator-prey relationship describes interactions and behaviors occurring between two organisms, the predator and prey. In this picture, the spider is the predator of the butterfly, its prey. The spider eating the butterfly is an example of one link in the food chain.Producers make (produce) their own food through the process of photosynthesis . Consumers are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must rely on the producers as their food source. On land, the main produces are vascular plants. In the oceans, the main producers are phytoplankton. Producers are also called autotrophs meaning "self-nourishing."Productivity is a measurement of the amount of material (biomass) or energy generated in a given time in an ecosystem. It determines the amount of living matter in an ecosystem. An example of an area of high productivity is the sea grass meadow where an abundance of fish, plants, and invertebrates live and grow. An area of low productivity would be a desert where few plants and animals live.When it rains over land, not all of the water is absorbed into the ground. This extra water will eventually flow down toward rivers and other lower ground areas. As the water "runs off" the land, it picks up material from the ground and carries the particles down stream. Runoff can contain toxic pollutants from fertilizer, herbicides and motor oil. In deforested areas, runoff can carry away much of the soil otherwise held in place by the trees and other vegetation.Sediment is the material deposited by wind, rain or glaciers. This material can be sand, soil, or leaves.A sedentary organism is one that lives in one place and never moves or migrates. An example is an oyster. When very young, oysters are able to swim freely. They swim in the water until they attach themselves to a hard surface, usually other oysters, and grow to adulthood. They never move again. Sedentary organisms must be able to get all the food they need from the place where they live.The seine net is used to collect organisms in shallow water. In this picture, students are pulling a seine net through the salt marsh. There are poles on either end, for holding, and a pocket-shaped net in the middle to scoop up the animals in the net's path.A spit is a small point of land extending out into a body of water. When wind and rain combine with waves during severe storms such as hurricanes, a destructive force called a storm surge can be formed. This surge can flood the land or destroy the vegetation and development.Succession is the long process by which pioneer species of plants colonize an area, and are then followed by different species, and eventually end in a climax or stable community of plants. Primary succession occurs during the colonization of an uninhabited area such as a recent lava flow or a sand dune. Algae and lichens are usually the first plants to grow there and make up the pioneer community. They are followed by mosses and higher plants, which eventually results in a completed succession (progression) of plants and animals.The sustained yield is sometimes referred to as the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). The MSY from a fishery is the largest annual catch of fish that can be taken year after year, from the water, without decreasing the fish population size. In a forest, sustained yield is the amount of timber that can be cut while maintaining a productive forest.Deep bodies of water will often have different water temperatures at the surface and the bottom. In fact, the water temperature may be different at several depths. The temperature profile is a description, in terms of degrees Celsius, of the temperature differences found in the same body of water at different depths.A transect is a line across a habitat. Researchers use transect lines to study changes in vegetation, often a particular species, across a physically changing habitat, such as sand dunes.A trawl is a net used to collect organisms in the water. It is towed behind a boat at a slow speed for as little as three minutes or up to several hours. An otter trawl is the style of net used by commercial shrimpers to collect shrimp. It is also used by biologists to sample and collect organisms in marine habitats.A trophic level is any of the feeding levels that energy passes through as it proceeds through the ecosystem. For example, primary producers are the first trophic level in most ecosystems, followed by the primary consumers (herbivores), up to the top predator level. Turbidity is the measurement of water clarity. A crystal clear spring has almost no particles in the water to block light and so is considered to have a very low turbidity. Turbid waters can carry lots of organic material, sediment or microscopic organisms, which keep light from penetrating very far into the water. This makes the water darker in color and difficult to see deep into the water.The letters T.E.D. stand for Turtle Excluder Device. It is an attachment in some trawl nets used by commercial fishermen. The TED is a large hole in the net covered by evenly spaced metal bars that look like a jail cell. When fish and shrimp are caught in the net, they go between the bars and into the net to be collected by the fishermen. However, when sea turtles are caught in the net, they cannot fit between the bars. They are pushed up and out through the hole in the net. The T.E.D. allows the turtles to swim away unharmed.The word venomous is another term for poisonous. Some snakes, fish, scorpions and bees are considered venomous. Their stings or bites can cause illnesses such as diarrhea, swelling of the punctured area, vomiting or possibly death. This is a picture of a venomous snake, the copperhead. In most cases, these bites or stings are not harmful if treated immediately, unless the victim is allergic to the venom.The watershed is the region of land that drains into a particular body of water, like a lake or river. For example, each river has its own particular watershed, which includes some portion of the land on either side of the river.A wildfire is a destructive, fast-moving forest fire. It can also be referred to as a crown fire.Zonation is the division of different habitats. Different organisms live in each zone because each zone has unique physical conditions such as the climate, fauna and flora. This is a picture of the pioneer zone on a barrier island. Here, the pioneer species of plants are able to live in the harsh climate of the sand dune. Saltwater spray, sandy soil, and strong winds make up the environment.The trowel is used by archaeologists for scraping and shaving clean surfaces to remove loose dirt from a dig site. Using the trowel to remove loose dirt exposes hidden artifact features which lie just beneath the surface.The line level is connected to a string between posts at the corners of a dig transit. This tool is used to provide "vertical depth control" when excavating a site. By using the line level, archaeologists can accurately measure the depths of different artifacts.Calipers are used to measure the length of artifact features found at an archaeological dig site. This tool is especially useful in measuring lengths of items that might break apart if they were removed from the exposed surface. Calipers are used to measure the length of these fragile artifacts while still in the ground.Birds, mammals, reptiles and arthropods molt their skin, feathers, hair or cuticle. Crabs, like this blue crab must molt or shed their hard, outer skeleton (exoskeleton) before they can grow. The exoskeleton is hard and rigid and cannot increase in size as the crab grows. Along the beach you may find the hollow shell of a blue crab. The crab did not die, it simply molted, leaving its shell behind. Before their new shell (underneath the old one) hardens, the crab is soft and is commonly called soft-shelled crab.A deciduous tree loses its leaves in the autumn and grows new ones in the spring. They spend the winter months without leaves in a dormant (minimal growth) stage. This live oak is a deciduous tree.A temperate region is the portion of the earth that has a moderate climate. The mid-latitudes are in the temperate region. Temperate areas, like the United States and Europe, have four seasons a year and do not have extremely hot summers or extremely cold winters. On the other hand, the arctic regions (in the high-latitudes) have very cold winters and the tropical regions (the low-latitudes) have extremely hot summers. A threatened species is one that is likely to become endangered in the near future, if current trends continue. Threatened species include populations that are decreasing due to habitat loss, hunting, or other factors. The Florida black bear is a threatened species.A crustacean is a animal that is a member of the class Crustacea or hard shell, in the phylum Arthropoda. This class includes shrimp, lobsters, crabs, and water fleas. Most forms are aquatic, although a few are terrestrial, living in damp places. Wood lice are an example of terrestrial crustaceans.Terrestrial refers to something that lives on the land. This gopher tortoise is terrestrial, spending its entire life on the dry land. Exotic organisms are not native to the area where they live. They have been brought in from another place or country. The Australian pine is an exotic species in Florida.The Endangered Species Act and other similar legislation give protection to plants and animals who are in danger of becoming threatened or endangered species. These species are protected and cannot be hunted. Protected plants cannot be picked or moved. Land that contains protected species cannot be developed without getting special permits or moving the species to a new location.A territory is any area defended by an animal against another member of the same species. Territorial behavior is the aggressive action an animal takes to defend its breeding and feeding areas. A filter feeder is any marine or freshwater animal that feeds on microscopic organisms. Some filter feeders, like this barnacle, create a water current near their bodies and capture passing food particles in their cilia (hairs). The food is then carried into their body cavity. In other filter feeders, like the clam, food particles are carried across the gills, trapped in a mucus and then carried down into the gut.Nectar is the sugary liquid produced by many flowers. Nectar attracts insects to the flower and aids with pollination. When insects visit the flower, they deposit and carry off pollen. This pollinates, or fertilizes, the flowers.Monogamy is the state in which one male pairs with one female for many seasons or for life. The mating pair is then called monogamous. Monogamy is common in birds. Swans are famous for forming life long mates. Monogamy is rare in mammals. This beach mouse is monogamous.A mimic is an organism that copies the properties of another organism, such as its color, habits, or structure. In some cases, the mimic species gain an advantage by copying the appearance of organisms distasteful to predators. For example, this viceroy butterfly mimics the color pattern of a monarch butterfly. The two butterflies are often hard to tell apart. Predators which do not like to eat the monarch butterfly will not eat the viceroy either.Fish may get their gills coated by oils, which can kill them. They also eat small bits of plastic that can plug up their digestive systems. Paint residues can be toxic to fish. All organisms need clean water and you can help.The plastic yokes from 6-packs have caused many wading birds and sea gulls their lives. Herons and egrets get their heads, necks and even wings entangled with the plastic holders. Cut the yokes into pieces before discarding them.Sea turtles mistake floating plastic bags for jellyfish, one of their favorite foods. They may choke on the bags or swallow them, killing the animal. Thoughtless people are harming endangered sea turtles. How can you help protect them?Because gulls feed at landfills, they can get the plastic yokes from 6-packs tangled in their feet, heads and wings. Cut the yokes into pieces before discarding them.Special Management Zones (SMZs) can be created to protect wildlife habitats. This Special Management Zone is designed to protect the habitat of the bald eagle. The SMZ follows the Fish and Wildlife Service guidelines creating a Primary Management Zone and a Secondary Management Zone. No human activities are permitted in the primary zone, and only limited activities are permitted in the secondary zone. Very large or old trees and trees that provide habitat for the bald eagle and other species are protected.To protect wetlands, foresters use selective cutting--cutting only selected trees. They do not cut trees that produce mast, or contain cavities, because these trees produce food or provide habitat for wildlife. They also avoid building roads in these areas and maintain natural drainage or water flow patterns in the area.Forest roads can cause erosion if not properly planned, constructed, and maintained. BMPs for forest roads include carefully planning the location and the drainage features before building. Soil survey maps, topgraphic maps, and aerial photographs are used in road planning. The width of roads is kept to the minimum required by the type and amount of traffic. To maintain roads, BMPs include replacing vegetation and closing or restricting traffic on roads to allow time for vegetation to grow back.Skid Trails. After foresters cut down trees, they move them along temporary roads, called skid trails, to a loading point where they can be transported off the site. BMPs reduce erosion caused by skid trails. Harvesters avoid long, continuous skid trails and stabilize the trails after harvesting. This is done by seeding and fertilizing skid trails so that plants grow back more quickly.
Slash Disposal. When trees are harvested, large limbs and tree tops, called slash, are often left at the harvesting site. However, foresters do not pile or push slash into ponds, marshes, and other water bodies.
Planting. After harvesting, sites are prepared for replanting. Often, this preparation creates large areas of bare soil. BMPs include techniques that reduce erosion, runoff, and exposing topsoil.
Sinkholes are important bodies of water because they may connect directly to groundwater without layers of soil to act as filters. Therefore, any pollutants that enter the sinkhole could contaminate groundwater. BMPs for sinkholes avoid placing any debris in a sinkhole or using any pesticides around a sinkhole. Also, because the ground around sinkholes may be unstable, BMPs include safety practices, such as not using heavy machinery around sinkholes. Special Management Zones are applied to sinkholes. In Special Management Zones, a narrow strip of trees is left on the banks of the sinkhole. This vegetation helps prevent erosion and protects water quality and wildlife habitat.Perennial streams are Special Management Zones. Management practices in these zones protect water quality by reducing the amount of debris and sediment created during timber harvesting. They also reduce erosion along the streambank and provide shade to keep the stream cool and in good condition for fish and other aquatic life. The width of the zone varies with the width of the stream. Selective timber harvesting is allowed in this zone; clearcut harvesting is not allowed. Often, a forest road or skid trail must cross streams. These crossings must be carefully planned and constructed to protect water quality. BMPs include limiting the number of crossings, installing drainage pipes, and replacing plants in the area. Most stream crossings are made by building culverts in the stream for water to flow through. A road or crossing is built across the culvert. Culverts should be placed in a fairly straight section of the stream. Their diameter should be wide enough to carry the normal flow of stream water.These knife points, or kirks, are among the oldest discovered in the southeast. Native American hunters made these kirks 10,000 years ago. Knife points were used for many purposes, much like the modern-day pocket knife. They were used to dig, cut, and even pry open oyster shells.Archaic Native Americans of the southeast napped, or chipped, these points from 3,000 to 8,000 years ago. They were attached to long poles for spears.These rock pieces, sometimes called blanks, were left over after Native Americans chipped rocks 3,000 to 8,000 years ago. Blanks were chipped off as Native Americans made spear, dart, and knife points.Between 3,000 to 10,000 years ago, Native Americans used these scrapers to clean animal hides and prepare food.These pieces of pottery are among the oldest created in North America. Fiber-temper pottery was created roughly 3,000 to 5,000 years ago. Pottery vessels were used to store water and food.Native Americans sharpened these dense oyster shells to create a crude ax. The ax was used to chip wood. These objects date from 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.These clay cooking balls were used to make soup. They were first heated on a fire and then added to soup in water-tight baskets or clay pots. The baskets and clay pots would burn or break if set directly over a fire. Native Americans used these items roughly 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.These pottery pieces are from a small ceramic vessel that sat on four short legs for balance. Native Americans created and used this pot from 2,000 to 3,000 years ago. It probably held liquids and small food items.These pieces are from a pot that was used 2,000 to 3,000 years ago by southeastern Native Americans. A simple pattern was etched into wood and pressed onto the wet clay vessel before it was heated. The pot was used for holding water and food items.Native Americans used this arrowhead from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago. The bow and arrow was used to hunt small mammals and birds. It may have served as a weapon.These pottery pieces are from a vessel that was used to hold water and food items. Native Americans manufactured this pottery from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago. Punctation consists of small pinpoint impressions used to decorate clay pottery.These specialized pottery pieces are from a vessel that was used to hold water and food items. The skilled craftsmanship used to decorate this pottery indicates a more complex culture than previously lived in the area. Native Americans created and used this pottery from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago.Decorative Pottery I
These decorative pottery pieces are from a vessel used to hold water and food items. Native Americans created and used this pottery from 500 to 1,000 years ago. Notice the punctation dots on these pottery fragments.These decorative pottery pieces are from a specialized pottery vessel used to hold water and food items. Native Americans created this pottery from 500 to 1,000 years ago. The lines etched on this pottery were filled with punctation dot patterns.This is one of the most common items left behind by the early Spanish explorers in the New World. These pieces are from large pots used to store water and food items. Many olive jars are found at Native American archeological sites. The Spanish Period lasted from the years 1500 to 1763.This assortment of brass fragments includes buckles and rings from the Spanish Period (1500-1763). Native Americans of the southeast did not have metallic items until Europeans came into the region.Archaic Period
This period is marked by a rising sea level, a drier climate, and several animal extinctions. During the Archaic Period, oak-hardwood forests covered much of the land. These forests produced acorns and other hardwood nuts which Archaic Indians gathered for food. They also hunted animals, including deer, gopher tortoise, panther, bear, raccoon, bobcat, mink, gray fox, rabbit, and opossum.
Families gathered at central locations during certain times of the year. They could harvest more food by working in teams. As native Indians gathered into larger groups, they developed a greater variety of stone tools. These tools included projectile points, kirks, knives, and scrapers. Projectile points, such as kirks, were tied to the tips of spears to hunt animals. Stone tools were used for a variety of purposes, such as hunting, preparing food, and building shelters.
Along the Gulf Coast, the Archaic Indians left behind mounds of oyster shells and other garbage, called middens. Then three to four thousand years ago, they learned how to make clay pottery.
Deptford Period
The Deptford people lived in coastal villages next to salt marshes. They lived in clans made up of interrelated families. These native Indians ate acorns, shellfish, and a variety of fish, including drum, channel bass, sheepshead, snook, snapper, jack, trout, flounder, mullet, and blowfish. Their diet also included sea turtles, seals, porpoises, and whales. They made a tea called "black drink" from the leaves of the cassina plant.
The Deptford culture made simple stamp and check-stamped pottery. This kind of pottery was made by impressing a carved wooden or clay paddle into the wet surface of a clay pot before heating it over an open pit fire. The paddles used to decorate simple stamp pottery were designed with straight lines arranged like the lines on graph paper. Potsherds, or pieces of pottery, are a common artifact found from this period. Clay pottery pieces are commonly discovered because clay does not easily decompose like wood, bone, and basket artifacts. The Deptford Indians also made donut-shaped and straight shell middens out of oyster shells. Experts believe that many Deptford period sites are currently under water due to the slowly rising sea level over the centuries.
Formative Period
Native Americans of the Formative Period were the first to use bows and arrows to hunt game. They also made traps to catch gray fox, red wolf, and pocket gopher. They used seining nets to catch catfish and largemouth bass. The Formative period Indians also ate water snakes, cottonmouths, and mud snakes as well as many birds, including white ibis, sandhill crane, coot, egret, and heron. They collected these birds in large numbers from breeding areas and used their feathers for clothing and decoration.
Florida Indians from this period traded with Indians living west of Florida along the Gulf of Mexico and with groups as far away as the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. They traded items such as shells and projectile points for flint and pottery. Cultural exchanges were also made, with groups learning from one another.
The Formative Indians produced some of the most decorative, complicated stamp pottery. Like simple stamp pottery, the paddles were pressed into the wet surface of clay before firing it over a fire, but complicated stamp had curved line patterns rather than straight lines . The Formative Indians also created effigy pottery by decorating the lip of bowls and pots with figures of animal heads. Effigy pottery was buried with the dead in burial mounds rather than discarded in shell middens.
Mississippian Period
The Mississippian Indians were largely hunters, gatherers, and fishermen. There is also evidence that these people grew maize (corn) and other crops like squash. Clay pottery from this period often has punctation dot patterns filling in the space between the curved lines. Carved wooden or clay paddles were pressed into the wet clay to produce the curved line pattern. The potter then used a sharp bone or wooden tool to "dot" the clay.
During this period, 100,000 Native Americans lived in Florida. By the early eighteenth century, however, this number had declined to only a few thousand.
Spanish Period
Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon traveled to Florida in 1513. He was the first European recorded to have visited the Florida Indians. The Indians also encountered the Panfilo de Narvaz and Hernandez de Soto expeditions in the early part of the sixteenth century. Contact with the Spanish exposed Florida natives to new diseases, resulting in illness and death for many. Other Florida Indians were sent to work in the Caribbean.
The Spanish established a settlement at St. Augustine in 1565. Many Spanish Mission settlements were later developed along the coasts and inland. Artifacts found in Indian shell middens provide evidence that Indians traded with the Spanish to get olive jars. The olive jar was a common vessel made by the Spanish. Metal fragments of tools and nails are also found at Spanish Period Indian sites. Stone tools were not left at Indian sites after the year 1630.
Good work; this prescription produced a hot fire that eliminated most of the plants in the understory and killed a few of the oaks that are competing with the pines. Can you find an even better prescription?Not bad; this burn got some of the understory, but none of the oaks. Better try again!Sorry. This fire was too cool to do anything except burn the dry wire grass. Please try again.Great! This hot fire caught the understory and oaks during a growth phase and greatly reduced or eliminated them. For the next few years, this forest will be almost all long-leaf pine. What should you recommend in the management plan?This burn was too cool. It got a few of the understory plants, but didn't kill any of the oaks. Can you find a better prescription?Sorry. This fire was too cool to do any good. Please try again.The dry conditions helped provide a hot fire, but most of the oaks survived. Their growing season had ended. Try another combination of conditions to eliminate the competition from the problem oaks.These conditions produced a cool, slow burning fire. It was not hot enough to eliminate the understory or the oaks.The moisture was too high to let the fire get hot enough to eliminate the competing oaks. Please try again.Wild Fire! Think about your prescription and be more careful next time. Aren't you glad this is just a simulation?Nice try, but this fire was too cool to kill back the oaks. They are dormant this time of the year. Try another combination.Sorry, but the high moisture conditions prevented the fire from really developing. Try another combination to rid the forest of the competing oaks.Concrete blocks are an ideal material for building artificial reefs. They last a long time, are inexpensive, stay put, and their rough surface encourages the growth of marine organisms such as barnacles, algae, and corals. These organisms are important food items for many kinds of fish.1. Select one team or two to play. One-team play keeps track of the number of moves taken to complete the game. Two-team play keeps score for each team. Name your teams.
2. The object of Critter Concentration is to match signs (tracks, nests, etc.) in the squares on the left with the organisms that make the signs in the squares on the right. You can click on either side first. The winning team makes the most correct matches.
3. If you do not make a match, play goes to the other team. You earn a point and another turn for every correct match.
4. You can go to the Field Guides for information during the game and return to the same point of play.
5. Hint: This game calls on your powers of memory and concentration, as well as your knowledge of organisms and the signs they make. Find a pattern of selection that will help you remember the location of objects in the squares.1. How do the various reef factors-- height, number of holes, and spacing-- affect catch?
2. How does water depth affect catch?To see how reef height affects catch, experiment with different heights while keeping the size of holes, spacing, and depth the same. Record the results. To see how hole size affects catch, experiment with different size holes while keeping height, spacing, and depth the same. Again, record the results.
When you have controlled for all variables, analyze your data. What variable or combination of variables had the greatest effect on size of catch?1. In reviewing applications for construction, what are some things a local official should consider?
2. What would be the effect of exceeding the capacity of the wastewater treatment facility?
3. How will this new construction affect the management plan of R.U. Green?1. Record the location and depth of this sample in your Field Notebook. The grid number identifies the location. Use the depth overlay to identify the depth at which this sample was taken.
2. Count the blades of each type of grass cut from your quadrant frame. The number of shoal grass blades is provided.
3. Record this info in your Field Notebook.What combination of variables--season, moisture level, and wind conditions--will produce a fire that will help restore the forest to its original community of longleaf pine and wiregrass? Flora Goode-Burns may provide you with information to make a hypothesis. To see how the season affects the type of fire, experiment with different seasons while keeping the moisture level and wind conditions the same. Record the results. To see how moisture level affects the type of fire, experiment with different moisture levels while keeping season and wind the same. Again, record the results.
When you have controlled for all possible variables, analyze your data. What variable or combination of variables produced the type of fire most effective for restoring longleaf pine?Rb ╤y 8 ) Y h ( RD °W ╓y │â ╛7 RD ix ñÆ ÷h ½r - ≡< ≡< ßK 05 ╗: └: ╦> 3 ╨ ε £ £ D X ╢ â1 4 4
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s 5u \g äg ëq Lr H0 j1 √ ] ┤7 °M ZP ¥╜ ¥╜ Ü╜ Ü╜ ù╜ ù╜ à > ù╧ ╠╨ American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus ═ºThe American bittern lives in freshwater and brackish marshes. A secretive bird, it spends much of its day motionless, relying on thick vegetation and concealing coloration to remain hidden. Also, when approached, it will raise its bill skyward and sway slowly from side to side, imitating waving weeds. The bittern's diet consists of frogs, fish, and small invertebrates. Its call can be heard for about half a kilometer. American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus ╚╩The American oystercatcher is one of Florida's most clearly marked shorebirds. They are boldly patterned with a blackish brown body and white underparts with a long red bill and pink feet. Oystercatchers stick their long, bladelike bills into slightly opened oysters and other bivalves in order to get at the soft tissue inside. They lay 2 or 3 spotted eggs in small nests directly on the sand between the months March and July. They live on undisturbed Gulf beaches and islands. Anhinga Anhinga anhinga ╔║The anhinga is known as the snakebird because when it swims, only its head and long, thin neck are visible above the water. Anhingas are excellent underwater divers. They use this ability to hunt fish. To catch fish, they swim underwater, using their sharp bills as spears. Because they lack oil glands, their feathers are not waterproof. Anhingas must therefore sit with their wings spread to dry them in the sun. These birds can be seen around ponds and swamps. Anhinga Anhinga anhinga ╞KThe anhinga is known as the snakebird because when it swims, only its head and long, thin neck are visible above the water. Anhingas are excellent underwater divers. They use this ability to hunt fish. To catch fish, they swim underwater, using their sharp bills as spears. Because they lack oil glands, their feathers are not waterproof. Anhingas must therefore sit with their wings spread to dry them in the sun. These birds can be seen around ponds and swamps. Anhinga Anhinga anhinga ╔╔The anhinga is known as the snakebird because when it swims, only its head and long, thin neck are visible above the water. Anhingas are excellent underwater divers. They use this ability to hunt fish. To catch fish, they swim underwater, using their sharp bills as spears. Because they lack oil glands, their feathers are not waterproof. Anhingas must therefore sit with their wings spread to dry them in the sun. These birds can be seen around ponds and swamps. Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus ╩╣The bald eagle is one of Florida's best examples of successful conservation. Once threatened due to habitat destruction and the effect of pesticides in the environment, the national bird has made a remarkable comeback. It has recently been taken off the National Endangered Species List. Florida has the greatest population of bald eagles in the lower 48 states. These birds make their homes in a wide range of habitats and feed mainly on fish, small mammals, and other birds. Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus ╚ΦThe bald eagle is one of Florida's best examples of successful conservation. Once threatened due to habitat destruction and the effect of pesticides in the environment, the national bird has made a remarkable comeback. It has recently been taken off the National Endangered Species List. Florida has the greatest population of bald eagles in the lower 48 states. These birds make their homes in a wide range of habitats and feed mainly on fish, small mammals, and other birds. Barred owl Strix varia ╞ÖThe barred owl is seen mainly by those who seek it out in the dark of night, for it is usually nocturnal and makes its home deep in forests and swamps. It can be recognized by its deep black eyes and earless head. Its diet consists mainly of rodents and other birds. However, the barred owl must be on the constant lookout for its main predator, the great horned owl. Black skimmer Rhynchops niger ╟╦The black skimmer is unique in that the lower half of its brightly colored red and black bill is longer than the top half. They use this adaptation to skim the water's surface and snatch fish and shrimp, their main diet. Black skimmers are found on coastal beaches and salt marshes, sporting a black body with white underparts. They nest in large colonies from June until late September. Development of Florida's coastlines has decreased the black skimmer's numbers in recent years. Black skimmer Rynchops niger ╞èThe black skimmer is unique in that the lower half of its brightly colored red and black bill is longer than the top half. They use this adaptation to skim the water's surface and snatch fish and shrimp, their main diet. Black skimmers are found on coastal beaches and salt marshes, sporting a black body with white underparts. They nest in large colonies from June until late September. Development of Florida's coastlines has decreased the black skimmer's numbers in recent years. Black vulture Coragyps atratus ╔óBlack vultures are scavengers, feeding on dead animals (carrion). They live in open country wherever food is present, and they nest under shrubs or areas with shade trees. Vultures depend on a strong sense of sight and smell to locate food. They are smaller, yet more aggressive, than turkey vultures. Black vultures have a black head, whereas turkey vultures have a red head. Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata ╞¿The blue jay is a permanent resident of Florida and can be found in a wide range of habitats, including hardwood forests, pine flatwoods, and urbanized areas. Its main diet consists of seeds and acorns, but it will eat almost anything that will fit in its mouth, including small rodents and lizards. Because they bury their seeds and acorns, blue jays spread the plants they use for food. They are one of the most recognized and widespread songbirds found on the Florida peninsula. Blue-winged teal Anas discors ╚⌠The blue-winged teal is the state's most abundant winter duck. A winter visitor, it arrives in late July and stays until April or May. Both males and females of the species are mottled brown in color with light blue wing patches--hence their name. The males sport a gray head with a white crescent running down the face. They eat seeds, insects, and various vegetation. Blue-winged teals are usually found near freshwater lakes and ponds. Boat-tailed grackle Cassidix mexicanus ═ÿBoat-tailed grackles can be found throughout the state, except in the extreme northern panhandle and the Keys. They live in fresh and saltwater marshes, along lakes and ponds, and in urbanized areas. Their diet consists mainly of crayfish, insects, and seeds. Fairly large birds, they can be recognized by the male's noisy song: "jeeb-jeeb-jeeb-jeeb." They nest from February through July. Brown pelican Pelicanus occidentalis ╟eBrown pelicans live throughout Florida's coastal environment. They are often seen flying in V-formations to their feeding grounds. They catch fish by diving head first into water from as high as nine meters. A pouch under their bill stores their meal and separates it from the water. Pelicans in Florida have not experienced problems with insecticides, such as DDT, that have reduced pelican populations in California and other southeastern states. Brown pelican Pelicanus occidentalis ╟╬Brown pelicans live throughout Florida's coastal environment. They are often seen flying in V-formations to their feeding grounds. They catch fish by diving head first into water from as high as nine meters. A pouch under their bill stores their meal and separates it from the water. Pelicans in Florida have not experienced problems with insecticides, such as DDT, that have reduced pelican populations in California and other southeastern states. Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia ╦êFlorida supports the only population of burrowing owls in the Eastern U.S. These birds spend their days around their ground burrows and hunt mainly at twilight. When approached beside its burrow, it will bob up and down. This bobbing action earned the owl its nickname: "Howdy Owl." They feed on small rodents, insects, and small birds. Its habitat is mainly the prairies of Central and Southwest Florida, but it is frequently seen between airport runways in the Miami area. Canvasback duck Aythya valisineria ═VCanvasbacks visit Florida in small numbers from November through March. They live near large lakes and estuaries and are often seen in Tampa Bay and the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge. Males are recognized by their whitish underside, reddish brown head, and black chest and tail. Females have brown heads and gray bodies. Their main food is an aquatic plant known as wild celery. Recently, their numbers have decreased due to the drainage of marshes, which they require for breeding and foraging. Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis ╔$The cattle egret originated in the Old World, probably in the East African plains, and migrated across the Atlantic during the early part of this century. It first arrived in Florida in the early 1950's and is now one of the state's most abundant birds. It lives on dry land and in open fields where it feeds alongside livestock. It eats insects which are often flushed up from the grass by grazing cattle. These highly social birds are all white and turn a buff color during breeding season. Common loon Gavia immer ╞ƒThe common loon breeds in northern states and Canada and in the winter months migrates south to the coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Loons are expert divers, going far below the surface--sometimes as far down as 60 meters--to feed on fish and invertebrates. Its habitat consists of open fresh and saltwater environments. Loons have evolved to become entirely dependent on the water: their feet have been pushed back so far on their bodies that they can no longer walk or take flight from dry land. Common nighthawk Chordeiles minor ╔½The nighthawk is a summer resident of Florida, migrating for the winter to South America. Its main diet consists of insects which it catches in mid-flight under the cover of darkness. Nighthawks are brown to gray and can be distinguished by a large white stripe on both wings. They are extremely adaptable birds that can live in almost any type of environment, from open woodlands to cities. Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas ╞«The Common yellowthroat lives in a variety of different places, but most often in marshlands. Its main diet consists of insects. At the height of the breeding season, from early April to early June, the males perform an attractive flight display, mounting into the air while uttering a jumble of high-pitched notes in order to attract an available female. Common yellowthroats are olive-green in color with yellow undersides and are one of the most abundant birds found on the Florida peninsula. Dusky seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens ╦æThe dusky seaside sparrow became extinct in 1987, probably because much of their habitat--grassy salt marshes--was destroyed. Also, they may have died as a result of eating foods sprayed with pesticides. Other races of seasides, including the cape sable, still live on the Florida peninsula. The dusky seaside sparrow lived exclusively along the wetter portions of grassy salt marshes. Their diet consisted mainly of insects, but they also ate tiny crabs, snails, and other small marine animals. Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus ╔└The glossy ibis lives in marshes, swamps, flooded fields, coastal bays, and estuaries throughout the state. When feeding in freshwater, it frequently eats crayfish, but along the coast it mainly eats fiddler crabs. It is a rust color, with small areas of shiny green and purple. Goldfinch Carduelis tristis ╔{Sometimes the goldfinch is called the "wild canary." It is a winter visitor to Florida, arriving in early November and staying until mid-April. Males are very colorful, sporting a yellow body, black cap, and black and white striped wings. While in Florida, however, they are seen in their duller winter colors. They usually migrate in large flocks, while making their homes in hardwood forests and open woodlands. Their main diet consists of seeds. Great blue heron Ardea herodias ╚4Most great blue herons are bluish gray in color; however, some members of the species are completely white and are called "white morphs." These "cousins" were formerly called great white herons. In the future they may once again be considered a separate species. Great blue heron Ardea herodias ═¡The great blue heron is one of the largest birds found in Florida at about 130 centimeters. It is the most widely dispersed of the Florida herons and can be found anywhere from coastal beaches to suburban backyards. It is frequently found standing at the edge of a pond or marshy pool, watching for fish or frogs, which are its principal food. It also feeds on small mammals, reptiles, and, occasionally, birds. Great egret Casmerodius albus ╔«This wetlands bird was once hunted to near extinction for its beautiful plumes. Fortunately, the great egret has recovered and is once again abundant throughout Florida. It feeds alone, stalking fish, frogs, snakes and crayfish in shallow waters. Standing over a meter tall, it is one of the tallest birds found in Florida. Great horned owl Bubo virginianus ╞£The great horned is Florida's largest owl. It preys on rodents, rabbits, skunks, and large birds, including other owls. These owls live in a large range of habitats, but are most often seen in pine flatwoods and other open forests. They nest in the winter, often taking over the abandoned nests of bald eagles and other large birds of prey. The wing span of the great horned owl has been known to reach over one and a half meters across. Great horned owl Bubo virginianus ╔!The great horned is Florida's largest owl. It preys on rodents, rabbits, skunks, and large birds, including other owls. These owls live in a large range of habitats, but are most often seen in pine flatwoods and other open forests. They nest in the winter, often taking over the abandoned nests of bald eagles and other large birds of prey. The wing span of the great horned owl has been known to reach over one and a half meters across. Green heron Butorides striatus ═¬The green heron prefers the privacy of deeply wooded swamps and thickly vegetated marshes and ponds. It uses its bill like a spear, jabbing at its favorite prey, fish. A solitary bird, it does occasionally breed in large colonies. Green herons have a greenish-black crown, white undersides, reddish brown neck, and green-gray back. Green heron Butorides striatus ═èThe green heron prefers the privacy of deeply wooded swamps and thickly vegetated marshes and ponds. It uses its bill like a spear, jabbing at its favorite prey, fish. A solitary bird, it does occasionally breed in large colonies. Green herons have a greenish-black crown, white undersides, reddish brown neck, and green-gray back. Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucculatus ═eThese birds are winter visitors to Florida, usually arriving in November. Very fast flyers, they travel in small flocks of up to a dozen birds. Expert divers, they feed mainly on small fish. They will also eat frogs and water insects. Hooded mergansers live around wooded ponds, lakes, rivers, and sometimes in tidal channels during the winter. The male hooded merganser has a striking black and white crest. House sparrow Passer domesticus ╞ÑHouse sparrows were first introduced to the United States in the mid 1800's, brought over from Europe. They adapted quickly and are now widespread in Florida. It is estimated that house sparrows make up 45 percent of the bird population in St. Petersburg. Males and females are both reddish brown, with a dingy underside. Males sport a black throat and breast. Their main diet consists of seeds and grains, but they will take human handouts as well. Laughing gull Larus atricilla ╚1A large, black-headed gull, the laughing gull is easily recognized during the summer months when it sports a black hood. During the winter the hood turns a dull gray. Like so many other birds that live in coastal habitats, laughing gulls have experienced decreasing numbers due to coastal development. Their main diet consists of small fish and marine invertebrates, and they are known to steal the prey of other sea birds. Least bittern Ixobrychus exilis ╔▒The least bittern is Florida's smallest member of the heron family. It is a secretive bird, depending on its brownish color patterns to stay hidden in saltwater and freshwater marshes and mangrove swamps. It is usually found in cattail marshes, where it feeds on frogs, fish, and a variety of insects. These birds seem to prefer breeding in freshwater marshes. Least tern Sterna antillarum ╟╤The least tern has become a threatened species due to development of its habitat. The smallest of the North American terns, they have adapted to humans and now build nests on flat roofs in populated areas. Their diet consists of small fish, which they catch by hovering over and then diving into the water. Least terns are found in a number of marine environments including coastal beaches, marshes, and open water. Least tern Sterna antillarum ╞çThe least tern has become a threatened species due to development of its habitat. The smallest of the North American terns, they have adapted to humans and now build nests on flat roofs in populated areas. Their diet consists of small fish, which they catch by hovering over and then diving into the water. Least terns are found in a number of marine environments including coastal beaches, marshes, and open water. Lesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipes ╞ìThe lesser yellowlegs is a winter resident of Florida and can be found on coastal beaches, wet prairies, and salt marshes. Its diet consists of aquatic insects, invertebrates, and small fish. These birds can often be seen submerged up to their bellies looking for food. Except for its smaller size, it is nearly identical to its cousin, the greater yellowlegs. Limpkin Aramus guarauna ╬üThe limpkin population of North America is primarily located on the Florida peninsula. Its loud eerie call at night has earned it the name "crying bird." Limpkins generally eat apple snails, but will also eat freshwater mussels and, occasionally, insects. They can be seen in swamps and marshes. They usually nest in shallow vegetation just above the water. Little blue heron Egretta caerulea ═íLittle blue herons are common on the Florida peninsula, residing in a number of different aquatic habitats. Adults are slate blue with a light rusty head and gray bill. Juveniles, however, are solid white with greenish yellow legs. Although found in both fresh and saltwater environments, little blues seem to prefer breeding in freshwater where prey such as fish, crayfish, insects, and frogs are numerous. Magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens ╚úAlso called the "man-o-war" bird, frigatebirds have wing spans that typically reach widths of over 2 meters. Classic ocean scavengers, they will often torment other birds into releasing a catch. They also circle the sky, preying on flying fish and other creatures on the water's surface or on the beach. They never alight, however, for it is difficult for them to take off. Adult males are black with an inflatable red throat pouch; females have a small white breast patch. Mourning dove Zenaida macroura ╞▐The mourning dove lives in fields, city parks, and in towns around scattered trees and shrubs. It feeds on seeds. The mourning dove has benefited from the cutting down of forests and the burning of grasslands. In some states, including Florida, it is hunted as a game bird, while in other states it is protected as a "songbird." Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis ╚─The northern cardinal got its name from the red robes worn by Roman Catholic cardinals. They are aggressive, territorial birds and can be found in Florida year-round. Their diet consists of seeds, fruits, and small insects. They live in woodland edges, shrubs, brushy swamps, and urbanized areas. The cardinal is one of the most frequent users of backyard bird feeders, and sunflower seeds are a favorite snack. Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis ╞½The northern cardinal got its name from the red robes worn by Roman Catholic cardinals. They are aggressive, territorial birds and can be found in Florida year-round. Their diet consists of seeds, fruits, and small insects. They live in woodland edges, shrubs, brushy swamps, and urbanized areas. The cardinal is one of the most frequent users of backyard bird feeders, and sunflower seeds are a favorite snack. Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos ╞┤The northern mockingbird is the official state bird of Florida. It lives in residential areas, city parks, orange groves, and other agricultural areas. Gray, with darker wings and noticeable white wing bars and patches, mockingbirds can imitate almost any sound they hear. They are most often recognized for imitating the calls of other birds. Their diet consists of insects, invertebrates, and a variety of different fruits. Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottus ╚7The northern mockingbird is the official state bird of Florida. It lives in residential areas, city parks, orange groves, and other agricultural areas. Gray, with darker wings and noticeable white wing bars and patches, mockingbirds can imitate almost any sound they hear. They are most often recognized for imitating the calls of other birds. Their diet consists of insects, invertebrates, and a variety of different fruits. Osprey Pandion haliaetus ╦^Ospreys are so good at catching fish that many people call them "fish hawks." They fish by hovering over inland lakes and coastlines and then plunging feet first into the water to catch an unwary victim. Ospreys are dark brown with a white head and underside and are often confused with the bald eagle. Osprey nests, which are very large and bulky, are often built on top of man-made structures such as telephone poles. Osprey Pandion haliaetus ╞ûOspreys are so good at catching fish that many people call them "fish hawks." They fish by hovering over inland lakes and coastlines and then plunging feet first into the water to catch an unwary victim. Ospreys are dark brown with a white head and underside and are often confused with the bald eagle. Osprey nests, which are very large and bulky, are often built on top of man-made structures such as telephone poles. Osprey Pandion haliaetus ╦aOspreys are so good at catching fish that many people call them "fish hawks." They fish by hovering over inland lakes and coastlines and then plunging feet first into the water to catch an unwary victim. Ospreys are dark brown with a white head and underside and are often confused with the bald eagle. Osprey nests, which are very large and bulky, are often built on top of man-made structures such as telephone poles. Pine warbler Dendroica pinus ╔╧The pine warbler, a year-round resident of Florida, is so-named because it usually nests in pine trees. It nests from March through April, using grass, soft plant down, and pine needles for its nest. It eats mainly insects and a variety of seeds. Pine warblers are small birds, usually less than 13 cm long. They have an olive-green head and yellow underside. Their coloration dulls in the fall and winter. They are very musical birds, and their songs can be heard over great distances. Piping plover Charadrius melodus ╟αStrictly a winter visitor of Florida, the piping plover is a coastal resident that makes its home along dunes and beaches. The plover's dry-sand coloring serves as camouflage, its major defense against predators. Because many of its nesting sites have been destroyed, the piping plover has been placed on the federal list of threatened species. It feeds in a stop-and-go pattern, searching for its main source of prey, marine invertebrates. Purple gallinule Porphyrula martinica ╚±The purple gallinule is a colorful bird, sporting a metallic green back with a purple-blue head and neck. Plant material makes up a major part of their diet. They capture animal prey--frogs, insects, and invertebrates--by walking on lily pads with their very long toes. These year-round residents live near marshes and swamps. A major population can be found on the Anhinga Trail in Everglades National Park. Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus ╞╪Red-bellied woodpeckers make their homes in tree cavities and snags. They continually store food and are known to eat woodboring beetles, grasshoppers, ants, acorns, beechnuts, and wild fruits. The male of the species is black and white with a red cap and nape, which is the back of the neck and head. The pale red belly of the male is often difficult to see. Females lack the red coloration on the crown, or top of the head. They are the most common of the Florida woodpeckers. Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis ╦╡The red-cockaded woodpecker lives in old-growth pine forests, chipping out cavities in pines that usually are infected with "red heart" fungus. A social bird, it usually lives in small family units called "clans." It feeds mainly on wood-boring beetles and other insects. The red-cockaded woodpecker's main enemies are rat snakes, which can climb up the tree trunk and enter the cavity. The main population of red-cockaded woodpeckers in the U. S. is found in the Apalachicola National Forest. Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus ╦ÄThe red-eyed vireo is one of the most abundant birds found in the hardwood forests of northern and central Florida. It is yellow in color with a blue-grey crown. During breeding season, these birds are persistent singers and can be heard at almost any hour of the day. Migratory birds, red-eyed vireos spend their winters in the Amazon Basin of South America. Their diet consists mainly of insects and fruits. Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus ╔The red-shouldered hawk is a permanent Florida resident, with populations throughout the state. Recognized by a reddish shoulder patch when adults, these birds are often seen perched on signs and telephone poles. Found mainly in woodlands near a water source, the red-shouldered hawk's diet consists of lizards, snakes, frogs, and small mammals. Their call is a recognizable "kee-ah" and is often imitated by blue jays. Red-winged blackbird Agelauis phoeniceus ═DRed-winged blackbirds are permanent residents in Florida. They will breed and nest next to any body of water. Each pair raises two or three broods a season, building a new nest for each clutch of eggs. After breeding, thousands of these birds gather in flocks. They live around marshes, swamps, wet, and dry meadows; they feed mainly on weed seeds, insects and grain. Males of the species can be identified by a yellow and red shoulder patch. Redhead duck Aythya americana ═_Redheads are winter visitors to Florida and can be found in large numbers on Merritt Island and along the Gulf coast from Apalachicola Bay to Tampa Bay. They are expert divers and feed mainly on aquatic plants such as shoalgrass. Their population has been significantly reduced because of over hunting and habitat destruction over the last half century. Male redheads are striking in appearance with a reddish brown head, blue bill, black chest and gray back. Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis ╞█The ring-billed gull is one of the most common gulls in Florida from October to May. Ring-billed gulls can live in almost any environment including coastal beaches, open water, marshlands, and urban environments. They are often seen living in huge flocks. Their diet consists of refuse from sanitary landfills, as well as fish, insects, and vegetation. The ring-billed gull is gray with black wing tips and a black band near the tip of a yellow bill. Robin Turdus migratorius ╬╠Robins are migratory birds that are seen in Florida from November through April. They rarely breed in the Deep South, however they have been known to nest in and around some of the northern Florida cities. They are grey-brown in color with a distinctive russet colored underside. Robins sometimes gather in large groups called "roosts" which can number thousands of birds. Their diet consists of a wide variety of fruits, insects, and invertebrates. Roseate spoonbill Ajaia ajaja ╚≈Pink in color with an orange tail, the roseate spoonbill feeds on shrimp and fish in the shallow waters of the Florida Bay and Gulf of Mexico. They sweep their spoon-shaped bill from side to side to scoop up food. They were once over hunted for their pink to red plumes, but due to protective laws, the species was saved. Breeding populations have returned to some areas where it had disappeared. Now their survival as a species depends on saving the shallow water habitat where they live and feed. Roseate spoonbill Ajaia ajaja ═2Pink in color with an orange tail, the roseate spoonbill feeds on shrimp and fish in the shallow waters of the Florida Bay and Gulf of Mexico. They sweep their spoon-shaped bill from side to side to scoop up food. They were once over hunted for their pink to red plumes, but due to protective laws, the species was saved. Breeding populations have returned to some areas where it had disappeared. Now their survival as a species depends on saving the shallow water habitat where they live and feed. Royal tern Sterna maxima ╟╚The royal tern frequents the Florida coastline year-round, but its numbers fluctuate a great deal. Terns are smaller than gulls, with forked tails and slender wings. They feed mainly on small fish and can be seen plunging from great heights to catch a meal. Coastal beaches and open saltwater are their main habitats. They nest during the summer months, occasionally in large numbers. Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris ╞▒The ruby-throated hummingbird is the smallest bird found in Florida. It feeds on nectar from a variety of flowers, especially red flowers. Constantly in motion, these tiny birds perch only for a moment to survey their surroundings. Hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly backwards and hover in one spot. Some remain in Florida year- round, while others migrate to Central America for the winter. Known for their acrobatic courtship flight, males are green with a white breast and ruby-red throat. Sanderling Calidris alba ╞ÉThe sanderling is among the more common Florida sandpipers. Found along coastlines, they rely on incoming surf to supply them with their potential prey of sand fleas and insects. Sanderlings are usually seen gathering in small flocks. Sanderlings travel north to breed in the Arctic; they can be seen on Florida coastlines most commonly from late summer to early spring. Sanderling Calidris alba ╞ôThe sanderling is among the more common Florida sandpipers. Found along coastlines, they rely on incoming surf to supply them with their potential prey of sand fleas and insects. Sanderlings are usually seen gathering in small flocks. Sanderlings travel north to breed in the Arctic; they can be seen on Florida coastlines most commonly from late summer to early spring. Sandhill crane Grus canadensis ╔¿The sandhill crane can be found throughout Florida, residing in wet prairies and marshlands. Adults are gray and distinguished by a bright red crown. The draining of marshes, the crane's favorite habitat, has reduced nesting populations and put the crane on the endangered species list. Its diet consists of a variety of plants and invertebrates. The sandhill crane nests from January through June; during this time, their extravagant mating dance can be observed. Scrub jay Aphelocoma coerulescens ╚"The only scrub jays on the east coast of the United States are found in Florida. Major populations live in the Ocala National Forest and Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. They resemble the blue jay but do not have a crest and are a little paler, with a blue-gray back and white underside. Scrub jays eat mainly acorns, as well as insects and seeds, depending on the season. In 1987, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service placed the scrub jay on the list of threatened species. Scrub jay Aphelocoma coerulescens ╚RThe only scrub jays on the east coast of the United States are found in Florida. Major populations live in the Ocala National Forest and Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. They resemble the blue jay but do not have a crest and are a little paler, with a blue-gray back and white underside. Scrub jays eat mainly acorns, as well as insects and seeds, depending on the season. In 1987, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service placed the scrub jay on the list of threatened species. Snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis ╦öThis bird is also called the Everglade kite because, on the North American continent, it can only be found in the freshwater marshlands of South Florida. It feeds on apple snails, and uses its sharp, hooked bill to get at the meat inside the shells. Males of the species are slate blue; females are brown. While still endangered due to drainage of its habitat, the snail kite has made a comeback in recent years. Snipe Gallinago gallinago ╞óThe snipe is a common shorebird, found along marshes, lakes, and wet prairies. It can be easily recognized by its extremely long bill, which it uses to catch insects, invertebrates, and worms. It usually migrates in large flocks during the night hours and seems to be more active on cloudy days. A popular gamebird, the snipe is characterized by an erratic, zigzag flight when startled. Tricolored heron Hydranassa tricolor ╚εFound throughout Florida, the tricolored heron lives in marshes, swamps, and along coastal areas. Like all herons, its numbers have been reduced because development has destroyed its habitat. An experienced hunter, it uses a variety of techniques to catch its favorite prey, fish. These herons sometimes stand motionless in the water, patiently waiting for prey to swim to them, a technique called "still hunting." Other times, they actively stride along the shore to drive their prey out of hiding. Tricolored heron Hydranassa tricolor ╔╠Found throughout Florida, the tricolored heron lives in marshes, swamps, and along coastal areas. Like all herons, its numbers have been reduced because development has destroyed its habitat. An experienced hunter, it uses a variety of techniques to catch its favorite prey, fish. These herons sometimes stand motionless in the water, patiently waiting for prey to swim to them, a technique called "still hunting." Other times, they actively stride along the shore to drive their prey out of hiding. White ibis Eudocimus albus ╞≡White ibises are found throughout the Florida peninsula; however, major populations are found mainly below Lake Okeechobee in the southern wetlands. Large birds, they measure over 63 cm in height. Primarily white in color, they can be distinguished by a bright red curved beak. Their diet consists of crayfish, insects, and small snakes. Ibises are found in large colonies, but have seen a drastic decline in numbers due to development of natural habitat. Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus ═~The willet is a large shorebird residing on both sides of the Florida coast. A somewhat plain bird, it is often confused with the great yellowlegs. The difference can be seen when the willet is in flight and the flashy black and white wing patterns can be observed. Its main diet consists of marine invertebrates, grasshoppers, and other insects. The willet is a migratory bird that often passes through Florida on its way to wintering grounds in Central and South America. Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus ═tThe willet is a large shore bird residing on both sides of the Florida coast. A somewhat plain bird, it is often confused with the greater yellowlegs. The difference can be seen when the willet is in flight and the flashy black and white wing markings can be observed. Its main diet consists of marine invertebrates, grasshoppers, and other insects. The willet is a migratory bird that often passes through Florida on its way to wintering grounds in Central and South America. Wilson's plover Charadrius wilsonia ╬╧The Wilson's plover is a permanent resident of Florida, making its home on both coasts. These birds are brown with a white underside. They have a thick bill that aids them in catching and eating crabs, shrimp, insects and small shellfish. If a nest is threatened, a Wilson's plover will fake a broken wing to distract the predator away from the nest. Wilson's plover Charadrius wilsonia ╬╥The Wilson's plover is a permanent resident of Florida, making its home on both coasts. These birds are brown with a white underside. They have a thick bill that aids them in catching and eating crabs, shrimp, insects and small shellfish. If a nest is threatened, a Wilson's plover will fake a broken wing to distract the predator away from the nest. Wood stork Mycteria americana ╦ùThe wood stork inhabits Florida's fresh and saltwater marshlands. It eats small fish, which it catches by stirring up the bottom with its feet and then, when the fish rises toward the surface, seizing it with its beak. It nests in colonies, with major populations at National Audubon Society's Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary in South Florida and Everglades National Park. Its numbers have decreased in recent years due to habitat destruction, and it is now on the federal and state endangered species lists. Wood stork Mycteria americana ╔3The wood stork inhabits Florida's fresh and saltwater marshlands. It eats small fish, which it catches by stirring up the bottom with its feet and then, when the fish rises toward the surface, seizing it with its beak. It nests in colonies, with major populations at National Audubon Society's Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary in South Florida and Everglades National Park. Its numbers have decreased in recent years due to habitat destruction, and it is now on the federal and state endangered species lists. Yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanassa violacea ═ñYellow-crowned night herons are found in a wide variety of habitats, from saltwater marshes to hardwood swamps. Their main diet consists of crustaceans and fish. A mature bird is all gray with a black head and white cheek and crown. It gets its name from the yellow coloration, which appears in the crown during breeding season. Amberjack Seriola dumerili ╧GAmberjack is a popular item in many Florida seafood restaurants. The largest of the jack family of fishes, amberjacks grow to weights of 18 kg, with the Florida record over 63 kg. Amberjacks are silver in color with a dark stripe running along the back. They typically live offshore, often found along rocky reefs and among wrecks. Amberjacks feed mainly on squid, fish, and crustaceans. American eel Anguilla rostrata ╧tThe American eel lives in freshwater, but spawns in saltwater, off the coast of Bermuda. The larvae develop at sea and change into adults as they travel to their home waters. The journey can take up to one year. It is thought that adults die soon after spawning. American eels feed on plankton and small fish. Huge eels, some reaching lengths of 4 meters, have been found in freshwater lakes. Experts think these eels have never returned to sea to spawn, remaining to grow to this great size. Atlantic spadefish Chaetodiperus faber ═₧Spadefish look very much like their nearest cousin, the angelfish. They are disk-shaped tropical reef fish usually seen in large schools. Spadefish are fairly large; they can reach lengths of 91 cm and weigh up to 9 kg. They can be recognized by the dark gray or brown bars that run vertically down their silver bodies. They feed mainly on shellfish. Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina ╠τLike sharks, stingrays are cartilaginous fishes: their bodies have no bones, but rather, are made up of cartilage. They feed on mollusks and burrowing animals. Bottom-dwelling fish, they spend much of their time buried in a thin layer of sand. Stingrays are timid animals and will avoid human contact if at all possible. However, if stepped on, a stingray can use its whip-like tail to inject a painful barb into an unsuspecting bather. Atlantic stingrays can reach lengths of 60 cm across. Batfish Ogcocephalus radiatus ═ìBatfish are bottom-dwelling fishes. Slow swimmers, they use their pectoral and pelvic fins to walk along the bottom. The batfish is an angler, which means it has a lure on the top of its head to entice prey. They are heavily armored and camouflaged for protection. They grow to about 38 cm in length. Belted sandfish Serranus subligarius ╠╔Also called the gulf sea bass, the belted sandfish is considered a "dwarf" bass because of its small size. It is hermaphroditic, which means it has both male and female reproductive organs and can change from female to male at some time in its life cycle. The belted sandfish is popular in saltwater aquariums because of its attractive coloration. Most common around offshore reefs, this bass can reach a length of about 10 cm. It feeds mainly on small fish and crustaceans. Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus ╦ The black crappie is the largest of the freshwater sunfishes. It can grow to over 30 cm in length and weigh more than 2.5 kg. Black crappies seem to prefer quiet waters with lots of vegetation. They are more active during the night. The black crappie is not as abundant as its closely related cousin, the white crappie, and is less tolerant of turbid waters. Its diet consists of small water animals, insects, crustaceans, and small fish. Black crappies are excellent sport fish. Black Drum Pogonias cromis ╧The black drum is an inshore fish that is common to bays and lagoons. They are popular sport fish that can attain extreme weights of over 42 kg. Most black drums only reach about 14 kg, however. They are most often found around oyster beds, which gives them easy access to one of their favorite prey items. They also feed on crabs, shrimp, and occasionally fish. The black drum is the largest member of the drum family of fishes. Blue angel Holacanthus bermudensis ═çThe blue angel is a tropical species. Diurnal fish (more active during the day), they feed mainly on sponges. Their bright coloring (yellow body with blue and white tints) makes them popular aquarium fish. Blue angels can also mate with the closely related queen angelfish to create the hybrid "townsend angelfish." Blue angel grow to about 38 cm in length. Bluegill ╦4The bluegill is one of the largest members of the sunfish family. It can reach a length of 40 cm and weigh as much as 2.25 kg. Bluegills can be found in most freshwater environments, preferring quiet lakes and ponds. They range in color from yellow to dark blue. Bluegills eat vegetation, insects, and small crustaceans. In Florida, they are also known as "bream," and are popular for pan frying. Bonefish Albula vulpes ╧>Bonefish are one of the most popular sport fish caught off the Florida Keys. Slender, silver-colored fish, they grow to weights of around 2.2 kg (the Florida record is 6.75 kg). Bonefish are primarily inshore fish, most often located in water less than a meter deep. They frequent lush grass beds where they have access to their favorite prey, shrimp, shellfish, and crabs. Bonefish travel in loose schools when they return to the open sea to spawn. Bonefish Albula vulpes ╧ABonefish are one of the most popular sport fish caught off the Florida Keys. Slender, silver-colored fish, they grow to weights of around 2.2 kg (the Florida record is 6.75 kg). Bonefish are primarily inshore fish, most often located in water less than a meter deep. They frequent lush grass beds where they have access to their favorite prey, shrimp, shellfish, and crabs. Bonefish travel in loose schools when they return to the open sea to spawn. Bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo ╠äThe bonnethead is one of the smallest members of the hammerhead family of sharks. It has a thinner, spade-shaped head and can grow to lengths of 1.5 m. Bonnetheads are abundant in bays, sounds, and estuaries, feeding on small fish and crustaceans. They are often hooked by bridge fishermen up and down both the east and west coasts of Florida. Brown darter Etheostoma edwini ╦7The brown darter is a member of the perch family. It is an extremely small fish, reaching a maximum length of 5-7 cm. Darters can usually be found in sandy areas where vegetation is abundant. Their pattern of movement--darting from place to place--has earned them their name. Brown darters feed on insects and small crustaceans. Females are rather plain, while the male has distinctive red spots. Chain pickerel Esox niger ╦(The chain pickerel is one of the most popular gamefish in the southern United States. It inhabits vegetated lakes, ponds, and swamps, reaching a maximum size of about 90 cm and weighing up to 5 kg. Chain pickerels have thin, elongated bodies greenish in color. Solitary fish, they spend their lives hiding under logs and other protective areas as they hunt other freshwater fish as prey. Coastal darter Etheostoma spp. ╦FThe coastal darter is a member of the perch family. An extremely small fish, it reaches a maximum length of only 5-7 cm. Darters can usually be found in sandy areas where vegetation is abundant. They feed on insects and small crustaceans. Females are rather plain, while the male has distinctive red and blue spots. Their pattern of movement--darting from place to place--has earned them their name. Crevalle jack Caranx hippos ╬╪The crevalle jack is a fast-swimming scavenger fish, often following boats to eat trash thrown overboard. Though not considered good eating, jacks are important sport fish. Living in warm waters, they feed mainly on invertebrates and other fish that live in coastal bays and lagoons. When a school of crevalle jacks corners a school of small fish at the surface, the feeding commotion can be seen for great distances. Crevalle jacks can reach lengths of 1.5 m and weigh as much as 9 kg. Dolphin Coryphaena hippurus ╧DNot to be confused with the bottle-nosed dolphin, which is a mammal, the dolphin is a fish that frequents the warm offshore waters off the coast of Florida. Dolphins, or mahi-mahi, are colorful fish, sporting shades of green, blue, and yellow. The males have nearly squared heads, with a dorsal fin that runs nearly the length of its body. Their unique shape makes them very fast swimmers, at speeds estimated at 50 knots. Dolphins grow to weights of around 11 kg. Filefish Monacanthus hispidus ╠φFilefish, as well as their closely related relatives, the triggerfish, belong to a family of fish called the leatherjackets. These fish are characterized by sandpaper-like skin that helps in defense, long dorsal spines, and small mouths with very strong jaws and well-developed teeth. Filefish swim in an unusual way, undulating their top (dorsal) fin in harmony with their bottom (anal) fin. They use their back, or caudal, fin very little. They feed on a variety of invertebrates. Florida gar Lepisosteus platyrhincus ╧}Gars are an ancient group of fishes that can be recognized by their long, sleek bodies and large snout-like jaws. Fierce freshwater predators, they feed mainly on shrimp and other fish. Gars are equipped with a lung-like swim bladder, which enables them to survive in stagnant waters with a low oxygen content. They are not a common meal for humans, but their hides are used to make luggage and tools. The Florida gar can attain lengths of up to 90 cm. Flounder Paralichthys spp. ╠ßA member of the flatfish family, the flounder is an unusual-looking fish, with both eyes on the same side of its head. As a young flounder ages, one eye migrates to the opposite side. Southern flounder, the primary flounder in Florida, are left-eyed. Flounder spend most of their time buried in the bottom sand, using their ability to change colors to avoid predators and snatch unsuspecting prey. All the markings of the fish are on the side with the two eyes. Freckled blenny Hypsoblennius ionthas ╠çThe freckled blennies are small fish that live in tropical waters. They are diurnal (more active during the day) and have comblike teeth that they use to hunt small fish and invertebrates. These fishes are very territorial and often live in discarded cans, oyster beds, or empty shells. Freckled blennies have a dark bar on their cheeks that distinguishes them from other blennies. They live near the water's edge on shell or rocky areas. Goby Gobionellus spp. ╠èThe gobies are one of the largest families of fishes. Almost anyone walking along a beach has seen gobies in tide pools and oyster beds. They are small fish, reaching only about 15 cm in length. Some gobies spend part of their lives in freshwater but require saltwater to complete their life cycle. Some gobies act as "cleaners" by cleaning off parasites from other fish. They often share burrows with shrimp or other invertebrates. Great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda ╬∙The great barracuda is one of the fiercest predators found off the Florida coast. A large slender fish, it can reach a length of 2 m and weigh up to 48 kg. Adult barracudas live almost anywhere, while the young are usually found hiding in seagrass beds. They are very aggressive hunters and seem to be attracted to bright or shiny objects. For this reason, divers wearing jewelry have been known to face attacks. The flesh of larger barracudas is known to be toxic to humans. Grouper Epinephelus spp. ╧5The grouper is one of the most popular commercial fishes harvested off the coast of Florida. A popular item in restaurants throughout the state, groupers come in a wide variety of shapes and colors. The largest is the jewfish, which grows to around 270 kg (the state record is 306 kg). Groupers are bottom-dwelling fish, often gathering around reefs and rocky bottoms. Many subspecies of grouper undergo a sex reversal as they grow older, females becoming males. Grouper Epinephelus spp. ╧2The grouper is one of the most popular commercial fishes harvested off the coast of Florida. A popular item in restaurants throughout the state, groupers come in a wide variety of shapes and colors. The largest is the jewfish, which grows to around 270 kg (the state record is 306 kg). Groupers are bottom-dwelling fish, often gathering around reefs and rocky bottoms. Many subspecies of grouper undergo a sex reversal as they grow older, females becoming males. Grouper Epinephelus spp. ╧âThe grouper is one of the most popular commercial fishes harvested off the coast of Florida. A popular item in restaurants throughout the state, groupers come in a wide variety of shapes and colors. The largest is the jewfish, which grows to around 270 kg (the state record is 306 kg). Groupers are bottom-dwelling fish, often gathering around reefs and rocky bottoms. Many subspecies of grouper undergo a sex reversal as they grow older, females becoming males. Gulf toadfish Opsanus beta ╧/Gulf toadfish can be aggressive. They have spines, which if touched can be extremely painful. They have powerful jaws which they use to eat crustaceans and shellfish. They spend most of their time lying perfectly motionless, waiting for unsuspecting prey to wander too close. Gulf toadfish are bottom dwellers and are often found in seagrass beds. They are also seen in rocky areas, coastal bays, or in shallow waters along open coasts. Hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena ═YThe hammerhead is one of the fiercest predators found off the coast of Florida. The eight species of hammerheads range in size from the 1.5 m bonnethead to the 6.1 m great hammerhead. Their flattened skull resembles the head of a hammer, with eye sockets at either end. This arrangement is thought to be useful in locating prey. Like all sharks, the hammerhead's body is supported by cartilage rather than bones. These sharks are very aggressive and have been known to attack humans. Jackknife fish Equetus lanceolatus ╠├The jackknife is a small, bottom-dwelling fish that reaches a maximum length of 25 cm. It can be recognized by an extremely large frontal dorsal fin and three striking black bands. Living primarily in muddy bays and sounds, it is rarely found in clear water reef habitats. Its diet consists of small invertebrates and aquatic vegetation. Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides ╬τThe largemouth bass is one of the most popular freshwater gamefish in the United States. It lives in lakes, rivers, and ponds, and prefers a highly vegetated, shallow area that provides both food and protection. During breeding the male will prepare a nest just offshore and will entice a female to the nest to spawn. The diet of the largemouth consists of crustaceans, amphibians, fish, and aquatic insects. A subspecies, the Florida largemouth, reaches great sizes, sometimes weighing as much as 9 kg. Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides ╬ΣThe largemouth bass is one of the most popular freshwater gamefish in the United States. It lives in lakes, rivers, and ponds, and prefers a highly vegetated, shallow area that provides both food and protection. During breeding the male will prepare a nest just offshore and will entice a female to the nest to spawn. The diet of the largemouth consists of crustaceans, amphibians, fish, and aquatic insects. A subspecies, the Florida largemouth, reaches great sizes, sometimes weighing as much as 9 kg. Lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris ╬╒The lemon shark is a shallow-water reef shark that is characterized by its yellowish-brown color, round snout, and equal sized dorsal fins located far back on the body. They can reach a length of 3.4 m, and because of an aggressive nature are considered dangerous to humans if provoked or threatened. They gather in large schools in the winter time and are common in the Gulf of Mexico during summer months. Lemon sharks feed mainly on crustaceans and fish and seem to be more active during the night. Longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis ╦.The longear sunfish is the most colorful of the sunfishes, displaying brilliant orange and blue patterns. It is a small fish, reaching a maximum length of 15-20 cm. The longear prefers living in ponds or streams with moderate currents. It eats a wide variety of animals such as aquatic insects, snails, crustaceans, and small fish. Like most sunfish, the longear builds a nest in shallow water. It spawns in late summer. Mangrove (gray) snapper Lutjanus griseus ╧PThe mangrove snapper is a popular item in Florida restaurants and is often marketed as red snapper. It lives mainly around reefs and rocky areas, but can be found along the shoreline as well. Mangrove snappers are nocturnal feeders, meaning they feed at night. Juveniles inhabit the mangrove shoreline, where they feed on numerous small shrimp and protect themselves against larger predators. Gray snappers can grow to a length of 60 cm and weigh up to 4.5 kg. Nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum ╬ The nurse shark is a slow, sluggish shark often found resting motionless on the sea bottom. Nurse sharks are found in large numbers off the coast of Florida. Their favorite habitats are tropical reefs and bays. They can reach lengths of 5 m and can weigh more than 180 kg. Nurse sharks are night hunters that comb the sea bottom for squid, shrimp, crabs, and lobsters. Although once thought to be harmless, if provoked, a nurse shark can become extremely dangerous to human divers. Permit Trachinotus falcatus ╬└The permit is a member of the pompano family of fishes. It is a popular sport fish that can be found in large numbers off any Florida coastline. Permits can be found both offshore, where they are often seen near wrecks and debris, or inshore, near seagrass beds and sand flats. They are large fish that average around 11 kg. The Florida record was a specimen that weighed over 23 kg. The permit uses its sharp teeth (located on its tongue) to capture crabs, shrimp, clams, and small fish. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides ╠ÖThe pinfish is one of the most abundant reef fishes found off the coast of Florida. They have extremely strong jaws and teeth which they use to feed on crustaceans and shellfish. They live in seagrass beds, coral reefs, bays, and inshore areas. Pinfish are bluish silver in color and can grow to a maximum length of 35 cm. Pipefish Sygnathus floridae ═The pipefish is very closely related to the seahorse. The two differ only in the shape of their bodies. Pipefish have long slender bodies and reach a maximum length of about 25 cm. The eggs of the pipefish are incubated in a pouch located on the underside of the male, and he will carry the eggs with him until they are ready to hatch. Pipefish have long snouts, which they use to capture zooplankton and small crustaceans. They are abundant in seagrass beds, bays, and coastal lagoons. Planehead filefish Monacanthus hispidus ╠ìFilefish, as well as their closely related relatives, the triggerfish, belong to a family of fish called the leatherjackets. These fish are characterized by sandpaper-like skin that helps in defense, long dorsal spines, and small mouths with very strong jaws and well-developed teeth. Filefish swim in an unusual way, undulating their top (dorsal) fin in harmony with their bottom (anal) fin. They use their back, or caudal, fin very little. They feed on a variety of invertebrates. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus ╧îThe red drum, also known as red fish, is a popular sport fish. Juveniles are found near shore in the shallow waters of estuaries and bays. They remain here for about 4 years, at which time they head towards the open sea to spawn. These bronze-colored fish can be recognized by their black spots located at the base of the tail. Red drums are fairly large fish; the Florida record is 23.1 kg. They feed mainly on crustaceans, mollusks, and small fish. Red snapper Lutjanus campechanus ╧8The red snapper is a popular commercial fish served in many Florida restaurants. Pinkish red all over, they usually grow to weights of around 9 kg. Although red snappers are found in all Florida waters, they seem to be more plentiful along the Panhandle. Deep-water fish, they populate the continental shelf in the open sea. Red snappers are expert hunters and feed on a variety of crustaceans and smaller fish. Rough shiner Notropis baileyi ╦OThe rough shiner is abundant in waters dominated by rocky bottoms. The rocks allow for small openings that give the shiners places to hide from larger predators. They also seem to prefer quiet, tranquil ponds and creeks rather then turbid, fast-moving rivers and streams. Shiners are small fish, usually growing to no longer than 10-15 cm. As a major source of food for larger fishes, shiners serve an important ecological role in freshwater aquatic foodchains. Sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus ╦The sandbar shark inhabits shallow coastal waters. Also known as the "brown shark," it reaches a length of about 3 m and is one of the most abundant sharks found off the coast of Florida. It is characterized by a brown body with white undersides and an extra large dorsal fin. Sandbar sharks travel in schools to wintering grounds off the coast of Florida where they mate. Normally harmless to humans, the sandbar should be considered dangerous if provoked or threatened. Scrawled cowfish Lactophrys quadricornis ╠ÉThe scrawled cowfish are easily recognized by it's yellow and blue body armor. They are very slow swimmers and use their armor as protection against potential predators. They feed primarily on worms and other invertebrates by shooting a stream of water from their mouths onto the bottom to expose a potential meal. They live in seagrass beds and coral reefs. Seahorse Hippocampus reidi ╠÷The seahorse is a member of the pipefish family. Its body is covered with an "armor plating" for protection. Its long snout and trap-door mouth is used to capture zooplankton, larval fishes, and tiny crustaceans. Male seahorses incubate their eggs in a pouch until they are ready to hatch. Seahorses can usually be found among seagrass beds, where they hide from potential predators. Seahorse Hippocampus reidi. ═;The seahorse is a member of the pipefish family. Their bodies are covered with an "armor plating" that is used as a means of protection. They have long snouts which contain a trap door mouth which is used to capture zooplankton, larval fishes, and tiny crustaceans. Male seahorses incubate their eggs in a pouch until they are ready to hatch. Seahorses can usually be found among seagrass beds which allow them hide from potential predators. Seminole killifish Fundulus seminolis ╦jSeminole killifish are small, freshwater fish (7-8 cm) that frequent quiet lakes, ponds, and streams. They display a wide range of color variation. Because they reproduce at a very fast rate, females are pregnant for much of their lives. For this reason, Seminole killifish appear fat. They serve an important ecological role, feeding on mosquito larvae and thus helping to control mosquito populations. Shadow bass Ambloplites ariommus ╦1The shadow bass inhabits a variety of freshwater environments. Most often found in creeks and rivers, the shadow bass can adapt to highly vegetated, rocky, or muddy substrates. The main line of defense for the shadow bass is camouflage. It uses its distinctive brown coloration to hide along the freshwater bottom. It can be recognized by its large, red eyes. Shadow bass Ambloplites ariommus ╦RThe shadow bass inhabits a variety of freshwater environments. Most often found in creeks and rivers, the shadow bass can adapt to highly vegetated, rocky, or muddy substrates. The main line of defense for the shadow bass is camouflage. It uses its distinctive brown coloration to hide along the freshwater bottom. It can be recognized by its large, red eyes. Sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus ╠≤Sheepshead belong to a family of fishes called the porgies (small-mouthed saltwater fishes that have developed strong jaws for eating crustaceans and shellfish). Sheepshead are easily recognizable by 5-6 vertical black bands that run down the side of their bodies. They inhabit bays and estuaries and seem to be most common around pilings. Sheepshead are considered excellent sport fish because they are so difficult to catch. An adult can reach a size of 91 cm in length and weigh up to 9 kg. Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus ╠BThe sheepshead minnow is a member of the killifish family. Small fish (7.5 cm), they are extremely adaptable, living in both fresh and salt-water environments and in a variety of temperatures. During mating, the males become brightly colored, sporting a blue upper body with orange and red markings underneath. Anglers often use sheepshead minnows as bait. Snook Centropomus undecimalis ╦sSnook are prized as both a food and game fish. They are related to the sea basses but have longer, thinner bodies. A distinguishing feature on snook is the black lateral line that runs along the outside of the body. Snook are mostly found in brackish mangrove areas where nutrients are abundant, but they also can be found in freshwater canals and rivers. Because they were overfished in the past, snook fishing in Florida is now limited to a few months a year--"snook season." Snook Centropomus undecimalis ╧Snook are prized as both a food and game fish. They are related to the sea basses but have longer, thinner bodies. A distinguishing feature on snook is the black lateral line that runs along the outside of the body. Snook are mostly found in brackish mangrove areas where nutrients are abundant, but they also can be found in freshwater canals and rivers. Because they were overfished in the past, snook fishing in Florida is now limited to a few months a year--"snook season." Southern flounder Paralichthyes lethostigma ═MA member of the flatfish family, the flounder is an unusual-looking fish, with both eyes on the same side of its head. As a young flounder ages, one eye migrates to the opposite side. Southern flounder, one of the many species of flounder in Florida, are left-eyed. Flounder spend most of their time buried in the bottom sand, using their ability to change colors to avoid predators and snatch unsuspecting prey. All the markings of the fish are on the side with the two eyes. Southern puffer Spheroides nephelus ╠≡The southern puffer is a fascinating fish. If threatened, it can blow up like a balloon by sucking in water or air. This strategy makes the fish appear bigger than it is, hopefully distracting any potential predators. Living in bays and estuaries, puffers use strong jaws to get at their favorite prey, shellfish. They usually hunt in groups, often taking crabs many times their body size. Pufferfish are poisonous and should be prepared only by trained cooks. Speckled madtom Noturus leptacanthus ╦:The speckled madtom is a member of the freshwater catfish family. These fish are found in small to medium-sized creeks and prefer sand or gravel bottoms with moderately swift currents. Like all catfish, madtoms are bottom scavengers and will eat just about anything they come across. Madtoms reach a maximum length of about 7.5 cm. Spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus ╦@The spotted bass is often considered an intermediate between its two closest relatives, the largemouth bass and the smallmouth bass. It is found in most freshwater environments, but prefers clear, spring-fed ponds and streams. Spotted bass feed on aquatic insects, crustaceans, crayfish, and small fish. The main spotted bass populations in Florida are found in the Apalachicola River basin. One subspecies of spotted bass, the shoal bass, has become endangered due to habitat destruction. Spotted scorpionfish Scorpaena plumieri ╠└Scorpionfish are medium-sized reef fish that use camouflage as their main means of defense. Because of their subdued color, predators and prey often confuse them with bottom rocks. They also produce toxins associated with the upper spines found on all 350 species. If touched, the spines can produce a painful wound. Some species of scorpionfish (stonefish, turkeyfish) are so toxic they have been known to cause fatalities. Some species have been known to live in depths of over 200 m. Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus ╧åThe spotted seatrout is one of the most important sport and commercial fish found off the coast of Florida. Silver in color with numerous black spots along its back, dorsal fins, and tail, the spotted seatrout can reach a length of 91 cm and weigh up to 7 kg. Spotted seatrout feed mainly on other small fish and invertebrates. They prefer warm water, spending most of their time near shore over grass, sand, and sandy mud bottoms. In winter, they will migrate to deeper waters for warmth. Spotted seatrout-juvenile Cynoscion nebulosus ╧ÅThe spotted seatrout is one of the most important sport and commercial fish found off the coast of Florida. Silver in color with numerous black spots along its back, dorsal fins, and tail, the spotted seatrout can reach a length of 91 cm and weigh up to 7 kg. Spotted seatrout feed mainly on other small fish and invertebrates. They prefer warm water, spending most of their time near shore over grass, sand, and sandy mud bottoms. In winter, they will migrate to deeper waters for warmth. Spotted sucker Minytrema melanops ╦IThe spotted sucker has extended lips, which it uses to hunt along the bottoms of larger streams and lakes. It feeds on worms and other soft-bodied invertebrates. Spotted suckers migrate up small rivers and streams in early spring to spawn over gravel. Silver with dark olive-colored backs, they can grow to about 45 cm in length. Its bottom-hunting behavior makes the sucker an easy catch with a rod and reel. Spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus ╦UThe spotted sunfish is one of the least known of the sunfishes. Olive-colored and spotted in black or brown, it is a small fish, reaching a maximum length of 15-20 cm. Spotted sunfish prefer living in ponds or streams with moderate currents. They eat a wide variety of animals, such as aquatic insects, snails, crustaceans, and small fish. Like most sunfish, the spotted builds a nest in shallow water and spawns in late summer. Striped bass Morone saxatilis ╦%The striped bass is probably the best known of the sea basses. It is a very important commercial fish throughout Florida and can be found on many restaurant menus. These fish can grow to weights in excess of 50 kg, but are usually about half that size. Striped bass are anadromous, which means they live in the sea and travel upriver to spawn in the spring. Their diet consists of other fish, crabs, shrimp, and invertebrates. Striped burrfish Chilomycterus schoepfi ╠ôThe striped burrfish is a pufferfish that has one added means of defense. In addition to being able to inflate themselves, burrfish are covered with sharp spines that present difficulties for predators. Juveniles, unfortunately, are not well-armored, and they often fall prey to their biggest natural predator, the marlin. The burrfish is an important predator of tropical shellfish. It lives in seagrass beds, bays, and coastal lagoons. Striped burrfish are yellowish with dark brown stripes. Striped mullet Mugil cephalus ╧ÇThe striped mullet is the most common mullet found off the coast of Florida. Adults are often found in freshwater; however, they return to the ocean to spawn. Mullet travel in large schools and feed mainly on detritus and plant material. Striped mullet can reach lengths of 91 cm. They are one of the most important commercial fishes on the east coast of the United States and are often prepared by smoking. Striped shiner Luxilus chrysocephalus ╦CThe striped shiner is abundant in waters dominated by rocky bottoms. The rocks allow for small openings that give the shiners places to hide from larger predators. They also seem to prefer quiet, tranquil ponds and creeks rather then turbid, fast-moving rivers and streams. Shiners are small fish, usually growing to no longer than 10-15 cm. As a major source of food for larger fishes, shiners serve an important ecological role in freshwater aquatic foodchains. Tarpon Megalops atlanticus ╬╞Tarpon are found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Large fish, they can attain a length of 2.4 m and weigh close to 135 kg. Tarpon are popular gamefish, known for their fierce fights and fantastic leaps. They can also tolerate a wide range of water salinities. Young are usually spawned in freshwater rivers, while adults are usually found near coastal estuaries and bays. Tarpon are silver in color with a greenish or bluish back. Tarpon Megalops atlanticus ╬├Tarpon are found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Large fish, they can attain a length of 2.4 m and weigh close to 135 kg. Tarpon are popular gamefish, known for their fierce fights and fantastic leaps. They can also tolerate a wide range of water salinities. Young are usually spawned in freshwater rivers, while adults are usually found near coastal estuaries and bays. Tarpon are silver in color with a greenish or bluish back. Trumpetfish Aulostomus maculatus ═JThe trumpetfish is an interesting looking creature, very thin and long--it can grow to lengths of 91 cm. Generally olive in color and spotted in black and white, it uses this camouflage not only to hide from predators, but also to sneak up on unsuspecting prey. Trumpetfish feed mainly on crustaceans and small fish. They are found mainly in weedy areas around tropical reefs, where they swim in and out of the sea whip beds. Warmouth bass Lepomis gulosus ╦+The warmouth bass is found in vegetated lakes, ponds, swamps, and quiet streams. It reaches a length of about 30 cm. Native to the Great Lakes, these bass are now common in Florida. Hybrids are common in this genus because they often inhabit polluted or turbid waters. They feed mainly on crayfish, aquatic insects, and small fish. Yellow bullhead catfish Ictalurus natalis ╧zThe yellow bullhead catfish is abundant in many of Florida's freshwater lakes and ponds. It prefers living in muddy lakes and ponds with soft bottoms. These fish are scavengers and will eat almost anything they can find in the water. The glands under their spines are venomous and, if touched, produce a sting similar to that of a bee. The yellow bullhead catfish has entered into the commercial market and has become a popular item in many Florida restaurants. Aphid Aphis fabae ╩tAphids spend much of their lives on the underside of young stems and leaves. They suck the contents from plant cells for food. Food wastes are passed from the insect as sticky honeydew, a substance certain ants crave. These ants actually protect the aphids--and their major food source, the honeydew. Although most aphids live above ground, certain species live off the roots of plants. Buckeye butterfly Junonia coenia ╔fThe buckeye butterfly, brown with hints of red and white, has very noticeable blue eye spots located on each wing. These spots serve as a means of defense, confusing predators into thinking the butterfly is larger than it really is. It usually flies close to the ground. This butterfly's larva sometimes feed on black mangroves, but most often eat plantain and snapdragons. Bush katydid Microcentrum spp. ╚▄The bush katydid is a member of the group of insects known as grasshoppers. Its distinctive green coloration helps to camouflage the katydid as it feeds. Its main diet consists of plants, although some members of the group eat other insects. The males are very noisy and can be heard singing their high-pitched ticks. They make these noises by rubbing their long, narrow wings against one another. Cochineal insects Dactylopius coccus ╩wCochineal insects are red and covered with white waxy plates. Their main food source is cactus, particularly prickly pear cactus. Cochineal insects are probably best known for the red dye, known as cochineal dye, produced from the dried bodies of females of the species. Damselfly Diphlebia spp. ╩kDamselflies are aquatic animals during an early larva, or nymph, stage. Born in the water, the larva has a leaf-like structure under its abdomen that supplies oxygen from the water. Adult damselflies eat mosquitoes and gnats while in flight. They do not land in one place for very long, which is why they are often called "dancers." They can be seen in abundance on rivers, streams, and lakes. Damselfly nymph Diphlebia spp. ╩nDamselflies are aquatic animals during an early larva, or nymph, stage. Born in the water, the larva has a leaf-like structure under its abdomen that supplies oxygen from the water. Adult damselflies eat mosquitoes and gnats while in flight. They do not land in one place for very long, which is why they are often called "dancers." They can be seen in abundance on rivers, streams, and lakes. Dragonfly Crocothemis nigrifrons ╞ΩDragonflies spend the early part of their lives in an aquatic larval stage. They remain in the water until metamorphosizing into adults. Both adult and larval dragonflies eat other insects, including mosquitoes. They cause no harm to humans, neither biting nor stinging. They are strong flyers and most often found along rivers, streams, or lakes. Dung Beetle Phanaeus vindex ╔WDung beetles, a type of scarab beetle, make balls from cow dung. They roll these dung balls along until they find a suitable burying spot. The female lays her eggs in the ball of dung. The dung ball then becomes the food supply for the larvae when the eggs hatch. In spring, dung beetles can often be seen in and around flowers, as they help in pollination. Fire ant Solenopsis invicta ╩_Fire ants are not native to Florida. Accidentally imported from South America to Alabama, they have spread to the entire southeastern United States. They have become serious pests. The fire ant's sting leaves a burning sensation. They live in large colonies, which can be recognized by mounds of dirt. Large mounds can contain up to 100,000 ants. They are more common in disturbed areas, such as pastures and road sides. Fungus gardening ant Trachymyrmex spp. ╩VThe fungus gardening ant lives in a complex underground nest. These nests can sometimes be up to 183 cm deep. The nests consist of many spherical chambers every 15 cm. In these chambers, the ants grow their main source of nutrition, fungus. Fungus gardening ants gather caterpillar droppings and various plant materials to create a spongy-looking gray fungus. These ants are harmless to humans. Fungus gardening ant mound Trachymyrmex spp. ╩SThe fungus gardening ant lives in a complex underground nest. These nests can sometimes be up to 183 cm deep. The nests consist of many spherical chambers every 15 cm. In these chambers, the ants grow their main source of nutrition, fungus. Fungus gardening ants gather caterpillar droppings and various plant materials to create a spongy-looking gray fungus. These ants are harmless to humans. Great leopard moth caterpillar Zeuzera pyrina ╔9The great leopard moth caterpillar is often known as the "woolly bear" because of its fuzzy black and red covering. Its color changes when it reaches adulthood, blending in with its vegetative environment. They often feed on cabbage, other vegetables, and sometimes toxic plants. They use these same toxins to fend off predators. Gulf fritillary Agraulis vanillae ╔lThe gulf fritillary is a member of one of the most common families of butterflies in the world. Medium-sized butterflies, they are easily recognized by their orange-reddish wings with silver spots located on the underside. They feed on passionflower when in the larval stage. Harvester ant Pheidole spp. ╩\The harvester ant is an ant that can be found in almost any environment. These ants compete with fire ants. When the harvester ant encounter fire ants, they recruit the larger members of their own colony to fight. These larger ants have pincer jaws that squeeze the fire ants' heads. If the fire ants' numbers are large, the harvester ant will recruit all ants from their colony, no matter what the size, to join the fight. Harvester ant Pheidole spp. ╩YHarvester ants can be found in dry areas. They live in large nests that can extend to 485 cm deep. They sometimes feed on dead insects, but mainly eat seeds. They feed them to ant larvae and to the queen as well. Harvester ants will often collect and save seeds. The bite of the harvester ant produces a painful sting. Ladybird beetle Hippodamia convergens ╚╟The ladybird beetle, commonly known as the ladybug, is one of the fastest reproducing beetles. The adult beetle will lay her eggs beside aphids or other agricultural pests. Upon hatching, the larvae will use these pests as a main source of food. For this reason, ladybugs are considered beneficial to farmers and gardeners. Long-tailed skipper Goniurus proteus ╔cThe long-tailed skipper larvae feed mainly on plants of the bean group. In the larval (caterpillar) stage, they fall prey to mice, birds, wasps, and spiders. The adults fall prey mainly to spiders. Skippers feed on flowers by using their long tongues. They feed so gracefully that their body does not touch the plant's reproductive parts; thus they do not aid in pollination. Luna moth Actias luna ╦┴The luna moth has four distinct spots on its back. The female lays eggs, which hatch into large caterpillars that feed on walnut, hickory, sweetgum, and persimmon trees. This moth is found only in North America. Pollutants and pesticides have reduced its numbers. Monarch butterfly Danaida plexippus ╔iThe monarch is most common to Florida during the winter months when it migrates south in huge swarms to avoid colder northern temperatures. The monarch is easily recognizable by its orange-red and black wings. For defense, monarchs eat milkweed during their caterpillar stage. The milkweed contains natural poisons that make the adult butterflies distasteful to birds and other predators. Monarch butterfly Danaida plexippus ╦▓The monarch is most common to Florida during the winter months when it migrates south in huge swarms to avoid colder northern temperatures. The monarch is easily recognizable by its orange-red and black wings. For defense, monarchs eat milkweed during their caterpillar stage. The milkweed contains natural poisons that make the adult butterflies distasteful to birds and other predators. Mosquito Culex pipiens ╬The mosquito is one of Florida's best-known pests. There are more than 60 species in Florida. Mosquitos are most often associated with the painful bites they inflict as they search out blood. Only the female sucks blood; she needs it for producing eggs. The male drinks nectar and water. The female lays her eggs in free- standing bodies of water. This can be an old tire, a can, or tree holes. Frogs and damselflies feed on mosquitoes and their larvae. Mosquito Culex pipiens ╬The mosquito is one of Florida's best-known pests. There are more than 60 species in Florida. Mosquitos are most often associated with the painful bites they inflict as they search out blood. Only the female sucks blood; she needs it for producing eggs. The male drinks nectar and water. The female lays her eggs in free- standing bodies of water. This can be an old tire, a can, or tree holes. Frogs and damselflies feed on mosquitoes and their larvae. Mosquito larva Culex pipiens ╬The mosquito larva is the second stage on the way to adulthood. Mosquito larvae, called "wrigglers," are hatched in small bodies of water, such as puddles or tree cavities. Wrigglers hang upside down at the water's surface, breathing through their tail. They filter bacteria from the water. They can dive to the bottom of their water hole, but must surface to breathe. Schaus' swallowtail butterfly Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus ╦»The Schaus' swallowtail is located only in Florida. Once abundant in the Miami area, this butterfly has become an endangered species because land development has reduced its food supply--torchwood tree foliage. More of these trees have been planted to try to extend the range of this butterfly. Sulfur butterflies Phoebis spp. ╚σTwo kinds of sulfur butterflies--cloudless and orange-barred--are found mainly in Florida. The bright yellow cloudless can be seen flying on sunny days. They often hide in tents of silk or leaves. They feed mainly on vegetation, including beans and vegetables. The orange-barred is the largest butterfly found in Florida. It is most often seen on or near water, especially river and lake banks. Tiger beetle Cicindela highlandensis ╦⌐Tiger beetles, with their long, slender legs, are very active and can run and fly at very high speeds. They are often iridescent and colorful. Some tiger beetles use powerful jaws to defend themselves, and they will bite if handled. During the day, they can be seen in open, sandy areas, such as beaches. Tiger beetles are well-adapted for hunting other insects, their main food source. Viceroy Basilarchia archippus ╔oThe viceroy is a colorful butterfly that uses camouflage and mimicry throughout its entire life as a means of survival. During the egg stage, the eggs blend with parts of the willow leaves where they were laid. In the adult stage, they mimic the monarch, a butterfly that is avoided by birds because of its foul taste. The viceroy can be seen around canals, rivers, marshes, lakes, and roadsides. Walkingstick Phasmida diapheroma ╩qThe walkingstick is the largest insect in the United States. Slow-moving and fairly large, the walkingstick bears an amazing resemblance to twigs and sticks. The insect uses this camouflage as a means of defense against predators. The walkingstick feeds on plants and sometimes on vegetables. Yellowjacket Vespidae spp. ╩bYellowjackets can be found in all dry habitats. They build large nests, usually in the ground or at ground level in tree stumps. They build these nests out of wood that they have chewed. This gives the nest a papery consistency. Females will sting repeatedly to defend their colony. They are known to be "picnic pests," carrying off bites of food. Yellowjacket nest Vespidae spp. ╩eYellowjackets can be found in all land habitats. They build large nests, usually in the ground or at ground level in tree stumps. They build these nests out of wood that they have chewed. This gives the nest a papery consistency. Arrow crab Stenorynchus seticornis ╠╖The arrow crab is an elegant crab whose habitat ranges from North Carolina to Brazil. It can be seen walking delicately on coral reefs searching for prey, which consists of invertebrates, marine worms, and detritus. Arrow crabs usually inhabit rock, shell, sand, and coral rubble sea bottoms. They use camouflage as a means of defense, blending in well with the sea bottom. Atlantic Bay Scallop Argopectin irrradians ╞?Scallops are the only bivalve mollusks that can swim. Clapping the two halves of their shell propels them through the water. They spend much of their lives buried in the sand in quiet waters such as bays and lagoons. They feed on plankton. Sea stars are the scallop's main predator. Many restaurants serve these commercially important bivalves. Barnacle Balunus spp. ═ Barnacles are tiny arthropods that spend their lives attached to a hard substrate. They often attach themselves to the bottoms of boats. They begin their lives as swimming larvae and eventually attach when they find a suitable substrate. Filter feeders, they rely on the current to bring them the plankton that make up their diets. Barnacles are hermaphroditic, meaning each barnacle has male and female reproductive organs. Barnacle Balunus spp. ╞÷Barnacles are tiny arthropods that spend their lives attached to a hard substrate. They often attach themselves to the bottoms of boats. They begin their lives as swimming larvae and eventually attach when they find a suitable substrate. Filter feeders, they rely on the current to bring them the plankton that make up their diets. Barnacles are hermaphroditic, meaning each barnacle has male and female reproductive organs. Black widow spider Lactrodectus mactans ╔~The black widow spider must be approached with great caution for its bite is extremely toxic. Female black widows are much larger than males and can be recognized by their black bodies and red hour glass pattern under the abdomen. The name "black widow" comes from the female's frequent practice of eating the smaller males after mating. These spiders are found in old buildings or any concealed, dark environment. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus ╞≤The blue crab has been studied more than any other crab because of its commercial importance to the seafood industry. Blue crabs are found in shallow offshore waters and in brackish estuaries. They are about 102 mm long and grayish-blue in color. They use their two powerful pincers to defend themselves and to capture prey. Blue crabs eat oysters, fish, detritus, and other blue crabs. Their main predators include birds, raccoons, different types of fish, and humans. Blue crab Callinectes sapidus ═The blue crab has been studied more than any other crab because of its commercial importance to the seafood industry. Blue crabs are found in shallow offshore waters and in brackish estuaries. They are about 102 mm long and grayish-blue in color. They use their two powerful pincers to defend themselves and to capture prey. Blue crabs eat oysters, fish, detritus, and other blue crabs. Their main predators include birds, raccoons, different types of fish, and humans. Boring sponge Cliona celata ╞9The boring sponge is important to coral reef ecosystems. When a sponge larvae matures, it settles on coral and releases sulfuric acid. This acid allows the sponge to "bore" through the network of coral and establish new colonies, destroying the coral in the process. The boring sponge can also help an ecosystem. Releasing its sulfuric acid on shells eventually destroys the shells. This helps keep the ocean floor free from the clutter of discarded shells. Boring sponges are filter feeders. Box crab Calappa flammea ╠oThe box crab uses its claws like a can-opener. Its powerful pincers chip open snail shells in order to get at its favorite prey, the hermit crab. This crab spends most of its time buried in the sand, only its eyes showing. About 140 mm wide and 102 mm long, box crabs are grayish in color with purple and brown markings. They usually live in shallow, sandy areas. Brain coral Diploria spp. ╠¿Brain coral, like other corals, are small, marine animals that remain stationary and produce a hard exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate. Its name suits brain coral well--a colony looks much like a human brain. Many of these corals are colorful, but will lose their color when they die or are removed from the water. People often collect brain coral as an souvenir. Breaking sea star Luidia spp. ╠xThe breaking sea star earns its name because of its ability to regenerate body parts. This feature allows the sea star to survive meetings with predators with only a temporarily missing appendage. Their powerful sucker feet give them the ability to upright themselves if they somehow get flipped over. Their sucker feet are also used in feeding. They can open mussels, clams, or oysters with their strong sucking action. Brittle star Ophionereis reticulata ╠{The elegant brittle star spends much of its time hiding under rocks or protective covering. Its diet consists of plankton and other microscopic creatures floating in the water. It feeds by lifting its arms to capture floating plankton in its mucus membranes. The star then transfers the food to its mouth, located on its underside. This process is called suspension feeding. The brittle star's powerful feet aid in locomotion. Brown centruroides Centruroides sculpturatus ╚öThe brown centruroides lives under rocks or in crevices and can be identified by its large pincers used to capture prey. Feeding mainly on insects, this scorpion also has the ability to paralyze victims with a powerful toxin. This toxin can be harmful to humans, as well as other insects. Anyone bitten by a brown centruroides should seek medical attention immediately. The female scorpion does not lay eggs, but gives birth to young. The young scorpion will remain with its mother until its first molt. Cannonball jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris ╞<Harmless to humans, the cannonball jellyfish floats near shore on both Florida coasts. Contracting its upper area, or bell, the cannonball expels water which propels it through the water. In the Gulf of Mexico, swarms of millions of cannonball jellies sometimes gather. Usually milky blue or yellow, these jellies are beautiful to watch moving through the water. They eat zooplankton. Common jellyfish Chrysoara quinquecirrha ═{Common jellyfish float near the water's surface and sometimes gather in swarms that number in the thousands. Though lovely to watch floating through the water, they have stinging cells which contain a mildly toxic substance. Swimmers who come in contact with them may suffer skin irritation. Someone stung severely might require medical attention. For this reason, beaches are sometimes closed to swimmers if jellyfish swarms appear. Jellyfish eat zooplankton. Common sea star Asterias forbesi ╠╜The common sea star is a benthic creature, living on the ocean's floor among the sand and rocks. Strong creatures, they can open the bivalve shells of their prey, mainly oysters, clams, and other shelled invertebrates. Once the shell is open, the sea star secretes digestive juices that consume the prey's tissues. Sea stars also have the ability to regenerate legs if lost in a meeting with a predator. Crayfish Procambarus spp. ╦ªCrayfish are found at the edge of rivers, streams, ponds, and wet bottomlands. During the daytime, they remain in their burrows or under stones or rotting wood. At night, they come out to feed. Crayfish are known to be scavengers of dead animals. Fish, turtles, frogs, and raccoons are the main predators of crayfish. Crown conch Melongena corona ╠<The crown conch can be found up and down both Florida coasts. It lives in shallow waters, usually in quiet bays and lagoons, on sandy or muddy bottoms. Propelled by a muscular foot, it crawls across the bottom of the ocean. The snail's mantle secretes a calcium carbonate shell that protects it from harm. Crown conchs are bottom scavengers, but will also attack and eat oysters, mussels, and other snails by inserting a long, tongue-like proboscis into their prey's shell. Decorator crab Stenocionops spp. ╠lThe decorator crab is a fascinating creature. It uses plants, animals, bits of algae, or other objects to decorate its body as camouflage against predators. Tiny, hooked hairs all over its body help keep these objects of camouflage in place. These crabs live on sand, shell, and coral rubble bottom, from shallow water to 109 m deep. Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata ╠½Elkhorn coral is located on the windward side of a reef. This location helps protect the reef in harsh conditions. The coral will form finger-shaped designs on its branches resembling the antlers of a moose or elk, hence its name. Some of the elkhorn's brittle branches are capable of surviving through very rough currents. Broken parts are swept into other areas and start to grow again. They can grow rapidly in sediment-free and shallow areas. Fiddler crab Uca pugilator ╔xFiddlers are small crabs (38 mm x 25 mm) whose predominant feature is the extra-large single pincer found on males of the species. This forbidding-looking appendage is used in courtship when the male will rise from a "crouch" position and display his pincer in order to impress a female. These crabs eat organic matter sifted from mud, decaying salt marsh grasses, and sometimes other fiddler crabs. Fiddler crabs are found on sandy or muddy beaches where they live in the burrows they dig. Fiddler crab Uca pugilator ╠?Fiddlers are small crabs (38 mm x 25 mm) whose predominant feature is the extra-large single pincer found on males of the species. This forbidding-looking appendage is used in courtship when the male will rise from a "crouch" position and display his pincer in order to impress a female. These crabs eat organic matter sifted from mud, decaying salt marsh grasses, and sometimes other fiddler crabs. Fiddler crabs are found on sandy or muddy beaches where they live in the burrows they dig. Ghost crab Ocypode quadrata ╠HCalled ghost crabs because they blend in so well with their beach habitats, these small crabs move very quickly and seem to appear and disappear in the blink of an eye. They are square in shape and reach a length of about 50 mm. Ghost crabs have unequal sized pincers which they use to capture prey such as invertebrates and marine worms. They can be found walking along the beach facing the moon on nights when it is full. Ghost crab Ocypodi quadrata ╞TKnown for the deep burrows it digs and uses for protection, the ghost crab lives on all Florida beaches. Ghost crabs are small, reaching a length of about 45 mm. They are extremely fast movers and make up for their small size with an ability to outrun almost any predator. Closely related to fiddler crabs, ghost crabs have square bodies and long legs. They are nocturnal creatures and spend most of the daylight hours resting in their burrows. Glass shrimp Palaemonetes vulgaris ╠fThe glass or "common shore" shrimp is found in shallow waters, especially bays and estuaries. It is a hearty species that can withstand a wide range of water salinities as well as polluted waters. The glass shrimp spends most of its adult life attached to a stalk of grass or some other suitable substrate. These tiny shrimp reach no more than 38 mm in length and 6 mm in height. They feed on plankton. Golden silk spider Nephila clavipes ╔┤One of Florida's large spiders, the golden silk lives in woodlands and swamps. It spins a very strong silk web. Unlike most spiders, which capture their prey and wrap it in silk, golden silk spiders inject their victims with a powerful venom. They avoid larger and aggressive insects. Golden silk spiders can be recognized by their tufts of black hair on the legs. Females are much larger than the males. Grass shrimp Tozeuma caolinese ╠iGrass shrimp serve as a primary food source for many of the commercially caught fish found off the Florida coast. They feed mainly on detritus and, as their name suggests, spend most of their time hiding in protective underwater grass beds. They also can be found in areas of high turbidity because the sediments they feed on remain suspended in this active water. Hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus ═Common in all Florida waters, hermit crabs are best known for frequenting discarded snail shells. Hermit crabs do not have a hard exoskeleton and are therefore vulnerable to predators if caught outside their movable homes. They live in mudflats, harbors, and bays, and feed on a range of food from mangrove leaves to bird eggs. Hermit crabs range in size from the 121 mm giant hermit crab to the 13 mm clawed hermit crab. Horse conch Pleuroploca gigantica ╠cThe horse conch is one of the largest gastropods (snails) in the world. It can reach a height of almost 50 cm. These snails live in sandy or muddy bottoms in water usually no deeper than 6-7 m. Horse conch shells are whitish-yellow, orange, or brown. They feed mainly on other gastropods and shelled creatures such as oysters and clams. The vase-shaped egg casings of horse conchs are often found in large clusters, washed up on Florida beaches. Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus ╠▒Horseshoe crabs are ancient creatures that have not changed physically for millions of years. They can be found in sandy or muddy areas along both Florida coasts. Although they move slowly, their rock hard horseshoe-shaped shell protects them from faster predators. Under this shell, horseshoe crabs have five pairs of walking legs, one pair of pincers, and two compound eyes. They feed mainly on clams, marine worms, and invertebrates. Horseshoe crabs grow to a length of about 61 cm. Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus ═\Horseshoe crabs are ancient creatures that have not changed physically for millions of years. They can be found in sandy or muddy areas along both Florida coasts. Although they move slowly, their rock hard horseshoe-shaped shell protects them from faster predators. Under this shell, horseshoe crabs have five pairs of walking legs, one pair of pincers, and two compound eyes. They feed mainly on clams, marine worms, and invertebrates. Horseshoe crabs grow to a length of about 61 cm. Jumping spider Phidippus audux ╔6This jumping spider earns its name by acrobatically jumping after prey. It has a keen sense of sight and will wait until prey is within a few inches before making a move. It will take victims many times its size, if available. Like all jumping spiders, this species fastens a line of silk to its resting place before leaping. This yo-yo-like maneuver prevents the spider from falling and allows it to return to its original resting spot. Knobbed whelk Busycon carica ╬ZThe knobbed whelk is a large sea snail found off Florida coasts . Common in shallow water, these snails are often collected as sea shells. Tourists also collect their egg casings, shown here. Knobbed whelks are bottom scavengers, preferring bivalves as a food source. Knobbed whelk casings Busycon carica ╞ZThe knobbed whelk is a large sea snail found off Florida coasts . Common in shallow water, these snails are often collected as sea shells. Tourists also collect their egg casings, shown here. Knobbed whelks are bottom scavengers, preferring bivalves as a food source. Marsh mussel Geukinsia demissa ╠ZThe marsh mussel, or Atlantic ribbed mussel, can be found on salt marshes, usually buried in mud around spartina grass. It is one of the largest mussels found off Florida coasts. Marsh mussels ride high on intertidal waters, exposed to air. They survive by breathing air until the next tide comes in. Marsh mussels are 5.1-12.7 cm long. They usually live in large clusters. Marsh periwinkle Littorina irrorata ╠9The marsh periwinkle is a tiny marine snail that can be seen hanging on grass blades in the safety of protective salt marshes. It spends most of its life living at or just above the water line. At low tide, these tiny snails will crawl down from their protective blades to feed on diatoms and plant debris. The marsh periwinkle is not found in southern Florida. They often appear to be green in color. This appearance comes from a fine algal growth on the shell. Octopus Octopus vulgaris ═nThe octopus is a nocturnal, or night, creature. It spends most of the day hidden among rocks and coral, coming out at night in search of prey. The octopus mainly eats large hermit crabs but also feeds on other crustaceans and fish. One of its biggest predators is the moray eel. Octopuses off the coast of Florida reach lengths of about 3 m. They have four pairs of powerful arms that are lined with 2 alternating rows of suckers. Oyster Crassostrea virginica ╠WOysters are a popular food item on restaurant menus around the Gulf of Mexico. Catches from the Apalachicola region are sold throughout Florida and the Southeast. In recent years the oyster-harvesting industry has faced economic trouble from toxins that have contaminated the oysters. The growth of oysters depends on temperature, salinity, intertidal exposure, turbidity, and food. Their main predators are the oyster drill, stone crab, and blue crab. Oyster drill Urosalpinx perrugatus ═SThe small oyster drill is the greatest predator of eastern oysters. Measuring only 1.3-4.4 cm high, it feeds by using its radula, which acts as a drill through a victim's shell. Once inside the shell, the oyster drill uses a proboscis (snout) to feed. Although oysters are its favorite meal, it also feeds on other bivalves and even crabs. Pen shell Atrina rigida ╠]The pen shell lives on sandy bottoms spending most of its time partially buried in the sand. Pen shells range from 12.7-28 cm long. They are probably best known for the beautiful black pearls they sometimes produce. Pen shells are filter feeders, relying on the current to bring food to them. Pink shrimp Panaeus duorarum ═The pink shrimp is the backbone of the Florida shrimping industry. A mainstay of many restaurants, they are exported to states all over the east coast. Smaller shrimp are often used as bait. Pink shrimp are bottom dwellers and burrowers to some extent. At night, they will sometimes swim upwards and feed on plankton. They lay their eggs on the bottom of the open sea. The young drift with bottom currents inshore to hide in grass beds. When they mature, they journey back out to sea. Purple sea urchin Arbacia punctulata ═/The purple sea urchin lives on rock or shell bottoms among seaweed. With its mouth located on its underside, it will eat just about anything. Purple sea urchins are covered with protective spines. They can be found off both Florida coastlines, north to Cape Cod and south to the West Indies. Purple sea urchins are about 83 mm wide and 38 mm high. Purse crab Persephona mediterranea ╠uThe purse crab gets its name from the female of the species who carries her eggs in a purse-like receptacle found in the abdomen. They are small crabs, reaching a length of 60 mm, and are usually found in shallow, muddy water. Purse crabs are grayish-brown with irregular dark spots throughout the shell. They are bottom dwellers who feed mainly on invertebrates. Occasionally, purse crabs can be seen living in large colonies. Quahog Mercenaria mercenaria ═ The name "quahog" comes from the Narragansett Indians who included this bivalve in their diets. The quahog is an important bivalve in the U.S., harvested commercially. Quahogs can remain tightly closed and live for weeks out of water, making harvesting easier. Plankton filter feeders, they can be found in sandy or muddy bays and inlets. They are dark in color and are about 10 cm long. Quahog Merceneria mercenaria ═ôThe name "quahog" comes from the Narragansett Indians who included this bivalve in their diets. The quahog is an important bivalve in the U.S., harvested commercially. Quahogs can remain tightly closed and live for weeks out of water, making harvesting easier. Plankton filter feeders, they can be found in sandy or muddy bays and inlets. They are dark in color and are about 10 cm long. Red-banded coral shrimp Stenopus hispidus ═>The red-banded coral shrimp, a "cleaning shrimp," lives on coral reefs. Like an underwater car wash, the coral shrimp stands, waving its antennae to signal fish. It then removes parasites from the mouth and body of fish that swim by. The red-banded coral shrimp is a beautiful creature, its white body covered with red-edged purple bands. During reproduction, fertilization is internal, and the female carries the eggs. The larvae float as plankton. Reticulated sea star Oreaster reticulatus ═kThe reticulated, or cushioned, sea star is one of the largest sea stars on the Atlantic coast. It has a hard skeleton, which remains after the animal has died and dried out. These skeletons are sold in shops up and down the Florida coast. Reticulated sea stars open mussels, clams, and oysters, their favorite meals, with their feet. They can regenerate lost legs, an important feature given the importance of these parts in feeding. The sea star can be found on sand or coral bottoms. Sand dollar Echinarachnius parma ╠║The sand dollar's body shape allows it to burrow easily in the sand. Common in Florida waters, sand dollars are often sold in gift shops. Sand dollars rely on ocean currents to move around. As filter feeders, they consume plankton and organic particles trapped in the mucus on their outer shell. Sand dollars are a major food source for bottom feeding fish such as flounder, cod, and haddock. They can be found in a large range of depths, from the low tide line to 1613 m deep. Scorpion Centrurus spp. ╦╛Scorpions are found under rocks or in crevices and are identified by their large pincers. They use these pincers to capture insects, their main prey. They will sometimes sting their prey with a large pincer located at the end of their whip-like tail. The sting can be harmful to humans, possibly requiring medical attention. The female scorpion does not lay eggs, but gives birth to live young. Young scorpions remain with their mothers until their first molt. Sea anemone Condylactis gigantea ╠NThe sea anemone, or "passion flower," is a bottom-dwelling creature related to the corals and jellyfish. A filter feeder, the sea anemone's mouth is located in the center of a central disc, surrounded by tentacles. It is common around reefs in both the forereef and lagoon areas. Sea anemones also have the ability to sting a potential predator or prey. Tiny pores release nematocysts, or stinging cells, a means of defense. Sea cucumber Pentacta pygmaea ╠~Sea cucumbers can be found on shallow, rocky bottoms or turtle grass beds. They eat sediment or plankton with their tube feet tentacles. Sea cucumbers draw water in through an opening that provides oxygen to their internal organs. They have a very interesting defense mechanism. When disturbed, they release their internal organs through the opening causing the predator to focus on the internal organs while the cucumber makes its escape. They then form new internal organs. Sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha ╞WSea nettles are medium-sized jellyfish, abundant in all Florida coastal waters. Their irritating stings, may cause hospitalization. For this reason, many beaches close to swimmers when clusters of sea nettles (called "blooms") appear in one area. Sea nettles float near the surface, where they capture prey with stinging cells (nematocysts) on their tentacles. Their main food source is zooplankton. They propel themselves through the water by pulsations of the medusa (bell). Sea pansy Renilla mulleri ╠QThe sea pansy is a soft coral that looks something like a flat-topped mushroom. The polyp of the sea pansy produces a mucus that aids in stinging small animals that the pansy preys on. Secondary polyps help circulate water through the animal. If disturbed, sea pansies can illuminate themselves to frighten potential predators. Sea plume Pseudopterogorgia acerosa ╠ÑThe sea plume is a soft coral that has a feather-like appearance. Like its relatives the sea whip and sea fan, the sea plume is very sensitive to bright light. It will reveal its polyp only at night or on cloudy days. Sea plumes use these polyps to filter feed. Sea plumes can be found attached to rocks around reefs. They live in colonies, and a variety of species can be seen in deeper waters. Sea walnut combjelly Mnemiopsis mccraydi ═qThe sea walnut combjelly is a beautiful sight at night. When disturbed, they can illuminate themselves with brilliant colors. Combjellies have two lobes that help them capture larger fish. To trap smaller food particles (plankton), they use tiny hairs and tentacles. Combjellies can be found in swarms during the summer, often in shallow waters. Combjellies are not toxic. Sea whip Leptogorgia virgulata ╠óThe sea whip is a horny coral that resembles broken stems and branches. These corals are found in shallow waters around reefs. Their tall, yellow branches may suddenly turn brown, purple, or green right before your eyes because of the colorful polyps. Brown, purple, or green polyps will come out during the daytime, but will retract quickly when the sea whip is disturbed. The polyps aid in collecting plankton, the sea whip's main source of food. Spider crab Libinea emarginata ╠rThe spider crab is one of the largest crabs on the Atlantic coast, reaching lengths of 17 cm and widths of 19 cm. It can be found in all Florida waters and lives in a wide range of depths, from the low tide line to 180 m. The legs and pincers of the males can be as long as 15 cm, twice the size of those found on females. Spider crabs are often covered with fine algae which seems to accumulate on their shells over time. Spiny lobster Panulirus argas ╬▐The spiny lobster, often confused with the freshwater crayfish, lacks the large pincers found on the American lobster. They are smaller (61 cm long) than the American lobster and have sharp spines protruding from their shells. They migrate in a single-file line that can extend for miles. If threatened, spiny lobsters will defend themselves by forming large groups. Scavengers, they feed at night and will eat almost anything. In Florida, spiny lobsters are abundant only off the Keys. Spiny lobster Panulirus argas ╬ßThe spiny lobster, often confused with the freshwater crayfish, lacks the large pincers found on the American lobster. They are smaller (61 cm long) than the American lobster and have sharp spines protruding from their shells. They migrate in a single-file line that can extend for miles. If threatened, spiny lobsters will defend themselves by forming large groups. Scavengers, they feed at night and will eat almost anything. In Florida, spiny lobsters are abundant only off the Keys. Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis ╠«Staghorn coral is a popular tourist souvenir. Unfortunately, the depletion of staghorn coral for souvenirs has damaged many offshore reefs. This coral is found in water up to 3 m on the windy side of reefs. If you look closely at a staghorn coral, you can see the polyps with their many small tentacles. The coral's main food source is plankton. Stone crab Menippe mercenaria ═hThe stone crab, the largest of the mud crabs, is a popular item in seafood restaurants throughout Florida. Oval in shape, with two large pincers, stone crabs reach lengths of about 12 cm. They get their name from the extremely hard shell that serves as protection. They are purplish in color, with hints of red and yellow in their legs. They live in deep holes along creeks and estuaries. Tree snail Orthalicus reses reses ╦úSnails differ from slugs by the hard shell that covers their bodies. Snails are mollusks, with a soft body and a mantle that secretes from the shell. Tree snails can be found in wooded areas. They also have a foot which enables them to move around and climb. They feed mainly on plants. The snail's main predators are birds and small mammals. Tube worm Hydroides uncinata ╠TThe tube worm lives in a tube that is made of mud or sand particles. The tubes, appropriately called "chimneys," can be seen rising above ground. The worms use these tubes to help them capture prey. Their diet consists of plankton, algae and detritus. Their parapodium, or little feet, help the tube worm move about. They can be found individually or in large colonies. Tube worm Hydroides uncinata ╬çThe tube worm lives in a tube that is made of mud or sand particles. The tubes, appropriately called "chimneys," can be seen rising above ground. The worms use these tubes to help them capture prey. Their diet consists of plankton, algae and detritus. Their parapodium, or little feet, help the tube worm move about. They can be found individually or in large colonies. Tunicate Polycarpa obtecta ╠üTunicates are also known as sea squirts. These animals live in colonies that they form by producing buds asexually. Filter feeders, tunicates funnel water through a small opening and use tiny hair-like projections called cilia to capture nutrients. The water is then expelled through an adjacent hole. Tunicate polycarpa obtecta ╠▐Tunicates are also known as sea squirts. These animals live in colonies that they form by producing buds asexually. Filter feeders, tunicates funnel water through a small opening and use tiny hair-like projections called cilia to capture nutrients. The water is then expelled through an adjacent hole. Tusk shells Dentalium pilsbury ═ÉTusk shells are often mistaken for fish teeth. Actually, tusks are mollusks that spend most of their time burrowed in the sand. They use a foot for locomotion and tentacles to search for food among sand particles. The tusk's shell has two openings, one for the foot and another used to remove waste material and exchange respiratory gases. White shrimp Penaeus setiferus ╠┤The white shrimp was the first shrimp to be served in Florida restaurants. It is among the largest of all the shrimps, with adults reaching lengths of over 18 cm. White shrimp prefer muddy areas to burrow and hide in. Adults are found mainly in marine waters, while juveniles spend their time in brackish bays and estuaries. They can convert detritus, fish parts, and plant material into protein. Landfill and dredging of salt marshes has damaged nursery grounds and led to a reduction of recent catches. Armadillo Dasypus novemicinctus ╔üThe armadillo was accidentally released in Florida during the 1940s. Nocturnal, or night, creatures, armadillos spend most of the daylight hours hiding in deep burrows. Their diet consists of insects, worms, other small animals, and some vegetation. Their bodies are covered with hardened skin that looks like a shell. This "armor" serves as a means of defense. If threatened, armadillos curl up into a hard ball that is almost impossible to penetrate. Black bear Ursus americanus ╦cBlack bears live in forests and swamps traveling over large areas. They are primarily nocturnal, or more active at night. Because much of their habitat has been destroyed, the black bear has become a threatened species in Florida. These bears will eat almost anything but are largely vegetarian, preferring nuts and berries. They are solitary creatures, living alone except during mating season. Black bears are excellent climbers and can run very fast. They grow to a length of about 180 cm, and can weigh up to 265 kg. Bobcat Felis rufus ╔ Bobcats can live in a wide range of habitats, but are most often seen in forest areas. Often mistaken for the endangered Florida panther, bobcats are actually much smaller (6-16 kg). Solitary animals, they spend most of their lives within a well-marked territory. Bobcats feed mainly on rabbits and rodents and will occasionally catch a deer. They are excellent climbers and will often go up a tree when pursued. Bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus ╩╤Bottle-nosed dolphins travel in small family units known as "pods," and feed mainly on fish. These marine mammals use ultrasonic signals to communicate with each other and locate prey. Dolphins are highly intelligent and are often seen performing at tourist attractions. However, using dolphins for public display has met with great controversy in recent years. Bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus ╩╬Bottle-nosed dolphins travel in small family units known as "pods," and feed mainly on fish. These marine mammals use ultrasonic signals to communicate with each other and locate prey. Dolphins are highly intelligent and are often seen performing at tourist attractions. However, using dolphins for public display has met with great controversy in recent years. Chipmunk Tamias striatus ╞ΣThe chipmunk is a rare species in Florida, restricted to a few square miles in the Florida Panhandle. These small rodents, usually weighing less than 120 g, are unable to adapt to changes in their forest homes. Solitary animals, chipmunks approach other members of the species only during mating. They gather and store large quantities of nuts and berries in their burrows. Choctawhatchee beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus allophrys ╦¥The choctawhatchee beach mouse is considered an endangered subspecies. Due to development of dunes and beaches, their natural habitat, this small rodent has had its numbers greatly reduced over the last few decades. The introduction of house cats into these areas has also decreased beach mouse numbers. Beach mice eat grass seeds and sometimes insects. They are nocturnal, meaning they are most active during the cover of darkness. Common mole Scalopus aquaticus ╦ÜThe common mole is an expert digger and spends most of its life underground, remaining active year-round. Their diet includes worms and insect larvae. The common mole is a solitary animal, and when two moles confront each other, it often leads to the death of one or both moles. Although moles destroy lawns, they also help control insects and aerate the soil. Florida panther Felis concolor coryi ╬èScientists estimate that the 30-50 endangered Florida panthers still live in the swamps of extreme south Florida. They eat a variety of small to medium-sized mammals. These large (72 kg) cats have lost most of their habitat, restricting their range. They face many obstacles to avoid extinction. Some of these include parasite infection, inbreeding, continued development of habitat, and road kills on new super highways. Fox squirrel Sqiurus niger ╞τThe fox squirrel has become threatened in Florida due to agricultural development and the effects of prolonged hunting. However, prescribed burning helps to maintain the open pine forests that are its major habitat. Along with pine seeds, the fox squirrel's diet consists of acorns, insects and fungi. Fox squirrels usually have leaf nests that are packed with Spanish moss, which provides insulation. Solitary animals, they are diurnal, or more active during the day. Golden mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli ╬$The golden mouse can be found in thickets and swamps. They spend much of their lives in trees. Excellent climbers, they sometimes seek trees as tall as 10 m. They move from limb to limb with great ease with help from their long tail, which provides balance and support. Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus ╩¬Because of its agile climbing ability, the gray fox can reach a wide variety of berries, nuts, and fruits. This ability allows it to raid the nests of other animals to feed on eggs and young. Gray foxes also eat rabbits, rodents, and other small animals. These nocturnal animals prefer heavily wooded areas, making their dens in hollow trees or logs and underground. They sometimes take over a den left by another species. Gray foxes can weigh as much as 7 kg. Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus ╩íBecause of its agile climbing ability, the gray fox can reach a wide variety of berries, nuts, and fruits. This ability allows it to raid the nests of other animals to feed on eggs and young. Gray foxes also eat rabbits, rodents, and other small animals. These nocturnal animals prefer heavily wooded areas, making their dens in hollow trees or logs and underground. They sometimes take over a den left by another species. Gray foxes can weigh as much as 7 kg. Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis ╟Gray squirrels are found throughout Florida, at home in forests, parks and back yards. They spend most of their days searching for and burying nuts that they will use later in the year as a food source. Gray squirrels use their strong sense of smell to relocate these buried nuts. They are most active during the cooler hours of the day. Manatee Trichechus manatus ╞║Marine mammals, manatees venture from bays and estuaries to spend the winter months in the warmth and protection of inland rivers and springs. Like many marine mammals, juveniles spend their early years traveling under the watchful eyes of their mothers until they are weaned around two years of age. Manatees can reach lengths of 4.5 m and weigh up to 1500 kg. Unfortunately, these relatives of elephants have become endangered because of habitat destruction and collisions with boat propellers. Manatee Trichechus manatus ╧SMarine mammals, manatees venture from bays and estuaries to spend the winter months in the warmth and protection of inland rivers and springs. Like many marine mammals, juveniles spend their early years traveling under the watchful eyes of their mothers until they are weaned around two years of age. Manatees can reach lengths of 4.5 m and weigh up to 1500 kg. Unfortunately, these relatives of elephants have become endangered because of habitat destruction and collisions with boat propellers. Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris ╞╜The marsh rabbit lives in bottomlands, swamps, and marshes along the coastline and in the interior of the state. Nocturnal creatures, they feed mainly on vegetation, roots, and bulbs. A subspecies of marsh rabbit that lives on the Lower Keys of the state is considered endangered. Marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris ╬╔Found throughout most of the state, the marsh rice rat is brownish-gray in color. It is an adaptable creature, equally comfortable on land, in trees, or in the water. Two subspecies in Florida are in danger of extinction due to destruction of their natural habitats. Opossum Didelphis virginiana ╔BThe opossum is the only marsupial (pouched mammal) in the United States. The female gives birth to about 14 young the size of bumblebees. The young crawl into her pouch and nurse for about 3 months. When developed, juveniles leave the pouch to spend another couple of months carried on their mother's back. Nocturnal creatures, opossums eat mainly fruits, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates. They are well-known for "playing" dead if threatened. Raccoon Procyon lotor ═Raccoons can be seen in a wide range of habitats, including fields, woodlands, and marshes. They eat just about anything, including fruit, small mammals, eggs, insects, and nuts. Raccoons are nocturnal except when caring for their young or during breeding. Some males will travel great distances in search of a mate. These furry animals are also known for their curiosity. Raccoon Procyon lotor ╔ìRaccoons can be seen in a wide range of habitats, including fields, woodlands, and marshes. They eat just about anything, including fruit, small mammals, eggs, insects, and nuts. Raccoons are nocturnal except when caring for their young or during breeding. Some males will travel great distances in search of a mate. These furry animals are also known for their curiosity. Red wolf Canis rufus ╩}An intelligent, social, and very rare animal, the red wolf has long been persecuted and feared by humans. Mated pairs usually travel together and mark their territories. Their home consists of a den in a stump or hollow log. They primarily eat rabbits and rodents. Red wolves are smaller in size than their cousin the gray wolf. Red wolf Canis rufus ╩zAn intelligent, social, and very rare animal, the red wolf has long been persecuted and feared by humans. Mated pairs usually travel together and mark their territories. Their home consists of a den in a stump or hollow log. They primarily eat rabbits and rodents. Red wolves are smaller in size than their cousin the gray wolf. River otter Lutra canadensis ╚╛The river otter can be easily seen because it is diurnal, meaning active during the day. It lives in ponds, lakes, and rivers throughout the state. The otter's streamlined body and paddle-like tail makes it a fast, expert swimmer. It can submerge for several minutes searching out its favorite prey, fish and invertebrates. Otters usually make their dens on the bank of a lake or river with entrances from both the land and water. They are known for their playful personalities. River otter Lutra canadensis ╞ßThe river otter can be easily seen because it is diurnal, meaning active during the day. It lives in ponds, lakes, and rivers throughout the state. The otter's streamlined body and paddle-like tail makes it a fast, expert swimmer. It can submerge for several minutes searching out its favorite prey, fish and invertebrates. Otters usually make their dens on the bank of a lake or river with entrances from both the land and water. They are known for their playful personalities. Skunk Mephitis mephitis ╔ƒWith its distinctive white stripe against its black coat, the skunk is one of the most recognizable mammals in Florida. Most creatures use their coloration to blend in with their environment. The skunk, however, uses its coloration to alert predators to the noxious scent they can discharge from their special glands. Skunks live in wooded areas and grassy plains, spending much of the day in elaborate underground burrows. They are quiet and nocturnal by nature and will eat almost anything. Whitetail deer Odocoileus virginianus ╔ÑThe whitetail deer is a fast, graceful animal, running at a top speed of about 50 kph. It is most active at night but is often seen during the early morning hours. It eats mostly branches and leaves. Whitetail deer gather in small herds and use their tails as a "white flag" to warn other deer of danger. They are a popular game animal. Many of the deer's natural predators have greatly decreased in numbers. For this reason, hunting helps curb population sizes. Wild pig Sus scrofa ╦mWild pigs can be aggressive animals and should be avoided. Females and their young usually live in small herds of 20-30, while adult males generally keep to themselves. Wild pigs will eat almost anything, including snakes. They have descended from domestic pigs that escaped from early explorers and settlers. They can reach weights of about 180 kg. Archaic kirks ╩∞ Arrow head hernando ╦ Clay cooking balls ╩■ Curvilinear lined ╦ Deptford simple stamp ╦ Fiber temper shards ╩° Incised w/ zone filled ╦ Incised w/ zone filled ╦ Metal pieces ╦ Newnan blanks ╩≥ Newnan points ╩∩ Olive jar ╦ Scrappers ╩⌡ Shell celts ╩√ Tetrapodal base ╦ Weeden island punctate ╦
Aerial shot ╬{ Ants tending to aphids ╚┴ Artificial reef dumping ═ü Artificial reef dumping ═ä Bald eagle's nest ═▀ Bald eagle's nest ═▄ Beach development ╩╘ Beach development ╩▌ Beach development ╩╫ Beach development ╩┌ Beach development ╟ Beach erosion ╟Å Bulkhead ╬i Canister ╬╖ Ceremonial mound ╬û Ceremonial mound ╬ô Contour lines ╬ƒ Cows in the field ╬] Detritus ╧ÿDetritus is organic material found in aquatic communities. It comes from decaying matter. Detritus is the basis of most aquatic foodwebs and plays an extremely important role because of its ability to be used over and over. When detritus is digested only the microorganisms and bacteria living on it are actually utilized by the feeder. The actual detritus is excreted, new microorganisms grow on it, and it is again digested. This process repeats itself over and over. Dilution Part 1 ╬▒ Dilution Part 2 ╬┤ Dissolve Part 1 ╬║ Dissolve Part 2 ╬╜ Dredge boat ╞* Dune blowout ╚[ Dune blowout ╚X Dune blowout ╚^ Dune development ╩α Dune development ╩π Dune development ╩Θ Dune development ╩µ Feral hogs ╬f Forest harvest ╟ Herb garden ╬` Herbicide ╬« Hurricane ═ Hydrologist ╬ì Insect predation ╟ Jetty ╬~ Leaflitter ╬£ Lobster ╦é Minor scarp ╟ë Minor scarp ╟î Model ╬o Mullet boat ╞3 Oyster fishermen ╞- Pine plantation ╟ Pine tree with cones ╬` Pioneer zone ╟¡ Prescribed burns ╬H Prescribed burns ╬! Prescribed burns ╬ Prescribed burns ╬ Prescribed burns ╬ Prescribed burns ╬E Prescribed burns ╬0 Prescribed burns ╬- Prescribed burns ╬3 Prescribed burns ╬B Prescribed burns ╬9 Prescribed burns ╬6 Prescribed burns ╬? Prescribed burns ╬< Runoff ╬Ñ Runoff ╬u Seine net ╬l Succession ╬r Topo map ╬ó Transect ╬¿ Turbidity ╬½ Water cycle ╬x Barnacle larvae Cyprid ╞╠Barnacle larvae are zooplankton that swim around looking for a place to attach themselves. Their two antennae help them locate a hard object with the proper surface tension to allow attachment. The object must be located in an area with enough light and water current to allow food to pass within easy reach. They attach themselves to this object with one of their antennae. The larvae will eventually grow into an adult shelled animal. Bivalve mollusk veliger larva ╬ Bivalve mollusk veliger larva are a major food source, found on the surface of oceans and seas throughout the planet. They are zooplankton that represent the juvenile stage of such well known animals as mussels, clams, scallops, and sea snails. They are characterized by a long piece of tissue, called a velum. The velum is used for mobility and acts like the wings of a manta ray. They feed on phytoplankton. Blue-green algae Gyrosigma ╞`Blue-green algae is a major food source for many animals and organisms in rivers, lakes, and springs. It is a simple, single-celled plant (phytoplankton) that doesn't have the well defined nucleus seen in other plants and algaes. They can be single-celled or members of long colonial chains. Blue-green algae seem to be most abundant in bodies of water that contain large amounts of nutrients, which are often from stormwater runoff. It is, therefore, often associated with pollution. Centric diatom Chaetoceros debilis ╞rAlso known as the golden-brown algae, centric diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Centric diatoms are generally circular and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Centric diatom Coscinodiscus spp. ═∙Also known as the golden-brown algae, centric diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Centric diatoms are generally circular and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Centric diatom Coscinodiscus spp. ╞cAlso known as the golden-brown algae, centric diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Centric diatoms are generally circular and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Centric diatom Fragilaria cylindrus ╞└Also known as the golden-brown algae, centric diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Centric diatoms are generally circular and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Centric diatom Melosira spp. ╞{Also known as the golden-brown algae, centric diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Centric diatoms are generally circular and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Centric diatom Stephanopyxis spp. ╞├Also known as the golden-brown algae, centric diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Centric diatoms are generally circular and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Centric diatom Thalassiosira rotula ╞╞Also known as the golden-brown algae, centric diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Centric diatoms are generally circular and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Chain-forming diatom Chaetoceros spp. ═±Also known as the golden-brown algae, chain-forming diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Diatoms are single-celled, however, they often come together to form long colonies that resemble chains. Copepod Labidocera aestiae ═σCopepods are the most abundant of the marine zooplankton. They are tiny crustaceans whose main diet consists of phytoplanktic diatoms. Copepods have a single eye, located towards the back of the head, and oarlike swimming antennae that allow them to move around. They are an important member of the marine food chain as they are fed upon by a great number of organisms. Adult copepods develop from a larva, known as the nauplius larva. Copepod Pseudocalanus spp. ═εCopepods are the most abundant of the marine zooplankton. They are tiny crustaceans whose main diet consists of phytoplanktic diatoms. Copepods have a single eye, located towards the back of the head, and oarlike swimming antennae that allow them to move around. They are an important member of the marine food chain as they are fed upon by a great number of organisms. Adult copepods develop from a larva, known as the nauplius larva.. Copepod Temora longicornis ═δCopepods are the most abundant of the marine zooplankton. They are tiny crustaceans whose main diet consists of phytoplanktic diatoms. Copepods have a single eye, located towards the back of the head, and oarlike swimming antennae that allow them to move around. They are an important member of the marine food chain as they are fed upon by a great number of organisms. Adult copepods develop from a larva, known as the nauplius larva. Copepod Unknown ╩¢Copepods are the most abundant of the marine zooplankton. They are tiny crustaceans whose main diet consists of phytoplanktic diatoms. Copepods have a single eye, located towards the back of the head, and oarlike swimming antennae that allow them to move around. They are an important member of the marine food chain as they are fed upon by a great number of organisms. Adult copepods develop from a larva, known as the nauplius larva. Dinoflagellate Coratium spp. ╞~Dinoflagellates are single-celled organisms that have been classified as both zooplankton, (animal-like organism) and phytoplankton (plant-like organism). They can produce their own food through photosynthesis, but also are known to feed upon other organisms. Two large tails, or flagellum, allow dinoflagellates to move throughout the water. They are the cause of "red tide," a bloom that produces toxins that leads to the death of many marine creatures. Dinoflagellate Coratium spp. ╞xDinoflagellates are single-celled organisms that have been classified as both zooplankton, (animal-like organism) and phytoplankton (plant-like organism). They can produce their own food through photosynthesis, but also are known to feed upon other organisms. Two large tails, or flagellum, allow dinoflagellates to move throughout the water. They are the cause of "red tide," a bloom that produces toxins that leads to the death of many marine creatures. Dinoflagellate Gymnodinum spp. ╞oDinoflagellates are single-celled organisms that have been classified as both zooplankton, (animal-like organism) and phytoplankton (plant-like organism). They can produce their own food through photosynthesis, but also are known to feed upon other organisms. Two large tails, or flagellum, allow dinoflagellates to move throughout the water. They are the cause of "red tide," a bloom that produces toxins that leads to the death of many marine creatures. Dinoflagellate Peridinum spp. ╞]Dinoflagellates are single-celled organisms that have been classified as both zooplankton, (animal-like organism) and phytoplankton (plant-like organism). They can produce their own food through photosynthesis, but also are known to feed upon other organisms. Two large tails, or flagellum, allow dinoflagellates to move throughout the water. They are the cause of "red tide," a bloom that produces toxins that leads to the death of many marine creatures. Dinoflagellate Peridinum spp. ═⌠Dinoflagellates are single-celled organisms that have been classified as both zooplankton, (animal-like organism) and phytoplankton (plant-like organism). They can produce their own food through photosynthesis, but also are known to feed upon other organisms. Two large tails, or flagellum, allow dinoflagellates to move throughout the water. They are the cause of "red tide," a bloom that produces toxins that leads to the death of many marine creatures. Freshwater algae Denticula spp. ╞üFreshwater algae is a major food source for many organisms found in rivers, lakes, and springs. It is the base of most freshwater aquatic food chains. All algae contain green pigment called chlorophyll which is used to convert energy from sunlight to produce food, a process known as photosynthesis. Freshwater algae can be single celled, like green algae, or form large plant like structures, like stonewarts. Single celled organisms live individually or in long chains. Freshwater algae Dinobryon spp. ╞äFreshwater algae is a major food source for many organisms found in rivers, lakes, and springs. It is the base of most freshwater aquatic food chains. All algae contain green pigment called chlorophyll which is used to convert energy from sunlight to produce food, a process known as photosynthesis. Freshwater algae can be single celled, like green algae, or form large plant like structures, like stonewarts. Single celled organisms live individually or in long chains. Freshwater algae Opephora spp. ╞lFreshwater algae is a major food source for many organisms found in rivers, lakes, and springs. It is the base of most freshwater aquatic food chains. All algae contain green pigment called chlorophyll which is used to convert energy from sunlight to produce food, a process known as photosynthesis. Freshwater algae can be single celled, like green algae, or form large plant like structures, like stonewarts. Single celled organisms live individually or in long chains. Freshwater algae Opephora spp. ╞iFreshwater algae is a major food source for many organisms found in rivers, lakes, and springs. It is the base of most freshwater aquatic food chains. All algae contain green pigment called chlorophyll which is used to convert energy from sunlight to produce food, a process known as photosynthesis. Freshwater algae can be single celled, like green algae, or form large plant like structures, like stonewarts. Single celled organisms live individually or in long chains. Nauplius ═ΦNauplius (crustacean larvae) are zooplankton. These larvae are the beginning stages of what will eventually become adult shrimp. Zooplankton provide food for many filter feeders and fish. They come into full bloom shortly after the phytoplankton (plant-) bloom because phytoplankton are their main food source. By late summer, many zooplankton can be seen metamorphosing (changing forms) into adults. Plankton are found near the water's surface. Oyster larvae Crassotrea virginica ╞NOyster larvae are zooplankton, animal-like organism that drift near the ocean's surface feeding on plant like phytoplankton. Zooplankton provides energy for many filter feeders. They come into full bloom shortly after the phytoplankton bloom. By late summer, many of the zooplankton can be seen metamorphosing (changing forms) into adults. Pennate diatom Bacillaria spp. ╞uAlso known as golden-brown algae, pennate diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Pennate diatoms are generally linear and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Pennate diatom Navicula spp. ╞fAlso known as golden-brown algae, pennate diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Pennate diatoms are generally linear and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Pennate diatom Navicula spp. ╞╥Also known as golden-brown algae, pennate diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Pennate diatoms are generally linear and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Pennate diatom Tabellaria spp. ╞╒Also known as golden-brown algae, pennate diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Pennate diatoms are generally linear and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Pennate diatom Thalassiothrix spp. ╞╔Also known as golden-brown algae, pennate diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Pennate diatoms are generally linear and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Pennate diatom Unknown ╬ Also known as golden-brown algae, pennate diatoms are phytoplankton found only near the ocean's surface because they need sunlight to perform their most important role, photosynthesis. Researchers have estimated that 80% of the world's oxygen is produced by photosynthetic phytoplankton. They are a major food source for many filter feeders, such as baleen whales and oysters. Pennate diatoms are generally linear and come in many different shapes. They are found individually or in long colonies. Polycheate metatrochophore larva Diopatrra spp. ╬Polycheate (tube worm) larva are zooplankton. They are found in many different shapes and forms. Their most prominent features are the hair-like cilia that help them in locomotion and feeding. They feed on phytoplankton and are found near the water's surface where these plant like organisms are most prominent. Rotifer Rotifera spp. ╬ Rotifers are also known as the "wheel animals". They are found mainly in shallow quiet waters. Rotifers are often confused with one celled animals, such as protozoa. Their bodies consist of a head with rotating cilia that help in searching for food, a trunk, and a foot which glues the animal to a hard surface. Some rotifers, however, are found among the free floating plankton. They feed on phytoplankton and a variety of other plants. Snail veliger larvae Unknown ╞╧Snail veliger larvae are zooplankton that hatch from free floating egg cases. They feed on phytoplankton and are characterized by the velum which helps in locomotion. By late summer, many of the zooplankton can be seen metamorphosing (changing forms) into adults. The zooplankton provides food for many filter feeders and fish. Tintinnid Tintinnopsis spp. ═≈Tintinnid are zooplankton that belong to the phylum protozoa (simple one-celled animals). They are abundant and widely dispersed throughout the world's oceans. Their main diet consists of phytoplanktic diatoms. Tintinnid's vary greatly in size among different species, and their most recognizable feature is a vase shaped outer shell, called a lorica. Adults can move in and out of the lorica at their discretion. Trematode larva ═²Trematode larva are bottom dwelling zooplankton that are members of a phylum of invertebrates called the flatworms. Although some flatworms are free-living, tremetodes live a parasitic existence, living inside the body cavities of other aquatic invertebrates. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Trematodes are also known as the "flukes". Tunicate larvae Urochordata ascidian ╬Tunicate (sea squirt) larvae are zooplankton that belong to the phylum chordata. They are coastal plankton that are most numerous in the waters off large bodies of land. They feed on phytoplankton, mainly diatoms. Tunicate larvae are most often seen in a tadpole stage. They will stay in this form until anchoring to a hard surface to begin their adult lives as sea squirts. They are an important member of the marine food chain. American beautyberry Callicarpa americana ╩;This beautiful shrub, with bright purple berries from August through November, is sometimes found in domestic gardens. The beautyberry can be found mainly in open woodland areas. The berries are an occasional food of birds. American beautyberry Callicarpa americana. ╩>This beautiful shrub, with bright purple berries from August through November, is sometimes found in domestic gardens. The beautyberry can be found mainly in open woodland areas. The berries are an occasional food of birds. American holly Ilex opaca ╔`The foliage and fruit of the American holly are often seen as Christmas decoration. The berries are either red, orange, or yellow. They serve as a food source for many of Florida's songbirds and small mammals. The American holly is covered in whitish colored bark. Craftspeople often use this bark to make decorative items. Australian pine Casuarina litorea ╚aThe Australian pine is an exotic plant species in Florida. This means that this tree does not occur naturally in this area. It was brought to Florida from Australia. As is the case with many exotic plants, the Australian pine is spreading quickly across Florida. This species forms dense stands which keep out most native plants. The tree invades along beaches. There its dense root system prevents endangered sea turtles from nesting. Bald cypress Taxodium distichum ╦XThe wood of bald cypress is very resistant to decay. This makes the tree very useful in construction where the area is prone to flooding. The bark of the tree rarely catches on fire because it is located in very wet or swampy soils of riverbanks. Cone-shaped structures that emerge from the water are called "knees" and are thought to help stabilize the bald cypress in the soft soils of the swamps where it is found. Bald cypress Taxodium distichum ╦[The wood of bald cypress is very resistant to decay. This makes the tree very useful in construction where the area is prone to flooding. The bark of the tree rarely catches on fire because it is located in very wet or swampy soils of riverbanks. Cone-shaped structures that emerge from the water are called "knees" and are thought to help stabilize the bald cypress in the soft soils of the swamps where it is found. Bamboo vine Smilax laurifolia ╩&The bamboo vine is found on dunes, stream banks, and swamps. They often form large tangles if there are no tall trees to grow on. Deer, rabbits, and other herbivores eat the tender young shoots. However, as the bamboo vine ages, it grows more and more thorns. The greenish flowers open during August and September. The black fruit is eaten by songbirds. Bay bean Canavalia rosea ╚The bay bean is a creeping vine with pinkish purple flowers. They play a major role in maintaining the stability of fragile coastal sand dunes in the southern half of the state. They keep the dunes stable by anchoring the sand with their root systems. The seeds of this plant are carried and spread by ocean currents. Bay bean Canavalia rosea ╚The bay bean is a creeping vine with pinkish purple flowers. They play a major role in maintaining the stability of fragile coastal sand dunes in the southern half of the state. They keep the dunes stable by anchoring the sand with their root systems. The seeds of this plant are carried and spread by ocean currents. Beach creeper Ernodea littoralis ╟ΘThe beach creeper is a low growing shrub that has been put on Florida's list of threatened plants due to recent construction along their main habitat, coastal dunes and beaches. The beach creeper produces pinkish to white flowers and yellow berries during the summer months. The plant has been used as a cough treatment. Beach croton Croton punctatus ╟₧Beach crotons are medium sized shrubs found on coastal dunes and beaches. They grow in the pioneer zone of coastal dunes, where the plants have to withstand severe conditions of heat, drought, and high salinity. These plants have a silvery foliage. Beach croton Croton punctatus ╟íBeach crotons are medium sized shrubs found on coastal dunes and beaches. They grow in the pioneer zone of coastal dunes, where the plants have to withstand severe conditions of heat, drought, and high salinity. These plants have a silvery foliage. Beach elder Iva imbricata ╟YThe beach elder is a low-growing plant that fans out from a woody base. They are found on coastal dunes and beaches. The beach elder has greenish white flowers that are very small in size. This plant spreads upward and outward and holds the drifting sand, preventing beach erosion. Beach elder Iva imbricata ╚
The beach elder is a low-growing plant that fans out from a woody base. They are found on coastal dunes and beaches. The beach elder has greenish white flowers that are very small in size. This plant spreads upward and outward and holds the drifting sand, preventing beach erosion. Beach morning glory Ipomoea stolonifera ╚ÄThe beach morning glory forms long vines over coastal dunes. It is very important in stabilizing dunes. It grows in the pioneer zone, where the plants have to withstand severe conditions of heat, drought, and high salinity. Fortunately, it has adapted to these conditions and aids in holding the sand in place. Beach morning glory Ipomoea stolonifera ╟░The beach morning glory forms long vines over coastal dunes. It is very important in stabilizing dunes. It grows in the pioneer zone, where the plants have to withstand severe conditions of heat, drought, and high salinity. Fortunately, it has adapted to these conditions and aids in holding the sand in place. Beach orach Atriplex pentandra ╚FThe beach orach grows on coastal dunes and beaches. Like many other plants which inhabit the dunes, beach orach serves an important environmental role, acting as a sand stabilizer, preventing erosion from occurring on beaches and dunes. Beach orach Atriplex pentandra ╚@The beach orach grows on coastal dunes and beaches. Like many other plants which inhabit the dunes, beach orach serves an important environmental role, acting as a sand stabilizer, preventing erosion from occurring on beaches and dunes. Beach star ╟âThe beach star is native to Florida and found mainly on dunes. It is considered to be endangered due to its limited distribution in Florida and to the destruction of much of its native habitat. It flowers and fruits year-round. The beach star can withstand being covered by wind-blown sand. It is an important plant because it stabilizes the dunes and paves the way for other plants to grow. Beach star ╟åThe beach star is native to Florida and found mainly on dunes. It is considered to be endangered due to its limited distribution in Florida and to the destruction of much of its native habitat. It flowers and fruits year-round. The beach star can withstand being covered by wind-blown sand. It is an important plant because it stabilizes the dunes and paves the way for other plants to grow. Beach sunflower Helianthus debilis ╚mThe sunflower is a beautiful plant. Its flowers have bright yellow rays and purplish-brown centers. The plant spreads by growth from underground runners. The sunflower blooms throughout the summer and is usually found on sand dunes. Beach sunflower Helianthus debilis ╚pThe sunflower is a beautiful plant. Its flowers have bright yellow rays and purplish-brown centers. The plant spreads by growth from underground runners. The sunflower blooms throughout the summer and is usually found on sand dunes. Beak rush Rhynchospora megalocarpa ╩Different species of beak rush grow on sandhills, scrub, marshes, and swamps. Shorebirds eat both the seeds and rootstocks. Upland birds, such as blackbirds and sparrows, also feed on the seeds. Mammals have also been known to feed on the seeds of beak rush. Black mangrove Avicennia germinans ═The black mangrove is found in both salt and brackish water. These trees are often intermingled with red mangroves. Both help to keep the shoreline stable. Black mangroves catch sediments in upright, unbranched structures which function in air exchange. These sediments provide nutrients for many fish, shellfish, and marine invertebrates. In addition, the flowers produce nectar attractive to bees. Mangrove preservation has become a topic of great concern in Florida during recent years. Black mangrove Avicennia germinans ╠█The black mangrove is found in both salt and brackish water. These trees are often intermingled with red mangroves. Both help to keep the shoreline stable. Black mangroves catch sediments in upright, unbranched structures which function in air exchange. These sediments provide nutrients for many fish, shellfish, and marine invertebrates. In addition, the flowers produce nectar attractive to bees. Mangrove preservation has become a topic of great concern in Florida during recent years. Bladderwort Utricularia cornuta ╔≡The bladderwort is most often seen growing completely in the water. Bladderworts can also be rooted in wet soil. The bladders are balloon structures that have tiny hairs on the outside of them. When small organisms touch these hairs, a trap door opens and sucks in the organism. The organisms are digested for nutrients. Bladderwort Utricularia spp. ╔ΩThe bladderwort is most often seen growing completely in the water. Bladderworts can also be rooted in wet soil. The bladders are balloon structures that have tiny hairs on the outside of them. When small organisms touch these hairs, a trap door opens and sucks in the organism. The organisms are digested for nutrients. Blue butterwort Pinguicula caerulea ╔ßButterworts are insectivorous plants. Their sticky, yellowish leaves trap insects that land on them. The leaf edges eventually curl over the prey and secrete an enzyme that dissolves parts of the insect. The plant gets nitrogen and other nutrients it needs from the insect. Butterworts can be found in seepage or swampy areas. Blue flag iris Iris hexagona ╚ΓThe roots of blue flag iris have a substance that is toxic to most animals. The flower, though, is quite showy. Insects are attracted to the sepal of the iris. However, to reach this area of the plant, they must crawl under the tip of the style and brush the stigma and stamen. In the meantime, pollination has occurred. Blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum ╩Blueberries are a source of food for many creatures, including humans. They are eaten by songbirds, game birds, bears, and small mammals. The twigs and foliage are eaten by rabbits and deer. Native Americans used the roots of the blueberry plant as a source of medicine to help cure sore throats. Blueberries ripen from May to July. Brazilian pepper Schinus terebinthifolius ╩PThe brazilian pepper is a source of many problems in southern Florida. It is an exotic, or non-native species, imported to the United States. The brazilian pepper threatens native vegetation because it crowds out the native plants. It has become widely distributed because birds and small animals eat the fruit and spread the seeds. The brazilian pepper is also a major source of allergies for many people. Broad-leaved spider lily Hymenocallis rotata ╚LThe broad-leaved spider lily is known for its beautiful, big flowers. The blooms start at the base of the round stalk and rise up to 1 m in height. These spider lilies are primarily found in river swamps. Brown algae Padina spp. ═)Brown algae is one of the many plants known as seaweed. Some days you can see this algae washed up on the beaches or floating near the shore. Brown algae has many uses. It is used as a fertilizer, a thickener in ice cream, and as a stabilizer in cosmetics. Many Asians use brown algae as a food source. Algae is among the simpler life forms. They absorb nutrients and water through their thin cell walls. Bulrush Scirpus validus ═ΓBulrush is a very important plant in many aquatic communities. Songbirds and waterfowl use clumps of bulrush as a nesting site. Ducks and some shorebirds eat the stems and seeds of these plants. This plant can be found in marshes or shallow waters. The flowers of the bulrush bloom between June and September. Butterwort Pinguicula ionantha ╔τButterworts are insectivorous plants. Their sticky, yellowish leaves trap insects that land on them. The leaf edges eventually curl over the prey and secrete an enzyme that dissolves parts of the insect. The plant gets nitrogen and other nutrients it needs from the insect. Butterworts can be found in seepage or swampy areas. Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus ╟⌡The buttonwood is a plant found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida in the southern part of the state. They are often found growing among mangroves. They can reach heights of 12 m. If they grow on coastal dunes they rarely grow to these heights, however. The leaves are green, but the silver buttonwood, a variety often used in landscaping, has silver-gray leaves. Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus ╟°The buttonwood is a plant found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida in the southern part of the state. They are often found growing among mangroves. They can reach heights of 12 m. If they grow on coastal dunes they rarely grow to these heights, however. The leaves are green, but the silver buttonwood, a variety often used in landscaping, has silver-gray leaves. Cabbage palm Sabal palmetto ╟nThe cabbage palm, also called the sabal palm, is the official tree of Florida. It grows very slowly and can grow almost anywhere. The center of the bud from this palm is edible and commonly called "swamp cabbage." Many animals such as raccoons, opossums, deer, and birds feed on the date-like fruits of the cabbage palm. Flies, wasps, bees and beetles extract nourishment from the flowers. Cabbage palm Sabal palmetto ╔█The cabbage palm, also called the sabal palm, is the official tree of Florida. It grows very slowly and can grow almost anywhere. The center of the bud from this palm is edible and commonly called "swamp cabbage." Many animals such as raccoons, opossums, deer, and birds feed on the date-like fruits of the cabbage palm. Flies, wasps, bees and beetles extract nourishment from the flowers. Cattail Typhaceae spp. ╬ÖThe cattail can be found in marshes, lakes or ponds. The sprouts can be steamed and eaten, and the immature flower spikes can be eaten like little ears of corn. The leaves are not edible, but they are used to make hats, baskets, and even roofs. Red-winged blackbirds often construct their nests in cattail marshes. Chapman's oak Quercus chapmanii ╔rThe chapman's oak is found mainly on dunes, pinelands and scrub. Oak trees and their acorns are useful in animal communities. When food is scarce in the winter, animals rely on the acorns as a source of food. Raccoons, squirrels, ducks, quail, and woodpeckers are among these animals. Oaks also rely on these creatures to help spread and bury the acorns so new trees can begin to grow. Chapman's rhododendron Rhododendron chapmanii ╚»The chapman's rhododendron is an endangered plant in Florida. It is found mainly in wet pine flatwoods and bays. The pink flowers bloom in March and April. The chapman's rhododendron has thick, leathery leaves. Daisy fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus ╚¼This species of daisy fleabane occurs in moist woodlands, river floodplains, and wet roadsides. Their flowers will open in early spring. The name daisy fleabane comes from the fact that, in the past, people used this plant in their homes as a repellent against fleas and other household pests. Dayflower Commelina erecta ╚╓Dayflowers can be found in open dry areas. They are unique in that a bloom lasts for only one day. Flowering occurs between June and October. The bloom consists of two large blue petals and one small white one. This flower got its scientific name after the Commelin brothers, two famous botanists. Dewberry Rubus trivialis ╚áThe dewberry is found along roadsides and in forests. They are a source of food for birds and many other animals. Dewberries have many thorns which discourage animals from eating the vegetative parts of the plant. Dewberries are used to make desserts, wines, and juices. The leaves were once used for medical purposes. Duckweed Lemna spp. ╞The leaves on the aquatic duckweed are green with a reddish tinge. Usually these plants grow close together and sometimes shade out other aquatic plants or impede boating. Duckweed is eaten by waterfowl, especially ducks. It is commonly found in sloughs, lakes, ponds, marshes, and roadside ditches. Duckweed grows on the water's surface with other floating species. Dune panic grass Panicum amarum var.amarulum ═░Dune panic grass can be found on sandy areas, especially barrier islands. It has an extensive root system which assists in preventing the dunes from being blown away by the wind. Panic grass, like most other dune vegetation, is killed by walking or driving on the dunes. A reduction in dune vegetation will eventually lead to the destruction of the dunes themselves. Elderberry Sambucus canadensis ╞The elderberry is a tall bush that produces clusters of small, white or creamy colored flowers. The fruit is blue to purple when ripe. Vegetative parts of the plant are poisonous. Native Americans sometimes used the stems and roots as a source of medicine. The cooked flowers and fruits are often used to make jellies or wine. Elderberry is found in moist, rich soils in most woodlands. Evening primrose Oenothera biennis ╚:All parts of the evening primrose are edible by humans. The Cherokee Indians used primrose tea as a cure for weight problems. Iroquois Indians used these roots for boils and laziness. They rubbed primrose roots onto athletes' muscles to improve their strength. The Potawatomis used the seeds for medicine. Waterfowl feed on the seeds. The evening primrose can be found on dunes, old fields, pastures, and roadbanks. Fanwort Cabomba caroliniana ╩)Fanworts are generally found in acidic ponds, lakes, and quiet streams. They are rooted into the ground, but will continue to grow if they are uprooted. This plant can clog drainage canals and freshwater streams. The seeds are sometimes eaten by waterfowl, but they are not a necessity in their diet. Fetterbush Lyonia lucida ╩The fetterbush is a beautiful shrub when in bloom. It occasionally is used for ornamental purposes. These plants are found mainly in swamps and bogs and are sometimes found in dry areas. When in these dry areas, their growth has a tendency to be stunted. Fragrant water lily Nymphaea odorata ╔The fragrant water lily can be found in ponds, sloughs, and bogs. Waterfowl eat the seeds and roots, whereas larger cranes eat the stems, roots, and seeds. In colonial times, the roots were ground up and mixed with lemon juice to serve as a skin cleanser. Many Native American tribes used the roots and leaves for medical purposes. Gallberry Ilex glabra ╩AThe gallberry, also known as the inkberry, is a shrub that can be recognized by its black berries and leathery, evergreen leaves. It is a member of the holly family. The gallberry is found mainly in low flatwoods or seepage areas. Many song and game birds eat the berries. Godfrey's golden aster Chrysopsis tracyi ╚+The godfrey's golden aster is found on barrier islands along Florida's Panhandle coastline. It is mostly restricted to this area, extending barely into Alabama. The godfrey's golden aster blooms between October and January. Gopher apple Licania michauxii ╚ The gopher apple is a dwarf shrub that has stems underground and twigs above the ground. They have dark green leaves with white on the underside. The gopher apple has clusters of small white, fragrant flowers. The fruit is white with a tint of purple or pink. The fruit (pulp) is sweet and juicy, so gopher tortoises, birds and rodents find it very appealing. The plants are found in sandy areas. Green-fly orchid Epidendrum conopseum ╚╗The orchid has adapted to make itself more attractive to certain insects so that it can receive help in pollination. Insects look for certain colors and forms of flowers when searching for food. When an insect sips nectar, part of the plant is designed to rub pollen on the insect's head. The pollen is located where it will touch the stigma on the next plant the insect visits, thus fertilizing it. Greenbrier Smilax lasioneuron ╩#Greenbriers can be found in areas such as forests, waste areas, or barrier islands. The young shoots, leaves, and tendrils are good when prepared like spinach or served in salads. The berries are eaten by birds. Native Americans used greenbriers for cramps, pains, headaches, and twitching. Hibiscus, marsh mallow Althaea officinalis ╞$Marsh mallow hibiscus is velvety, gray-green, and soft to the touch. The leaves are coarsely toothed. The lower leaves are heart-shaped, and the flowers are light pink in color. This hibiscus can grow to heights of about 1 m. They can be found along marsh edges. At one time, these plants were eaten. They are considered the original marshmallows, and this is where their name is derived. Hop clover Trifolium campestre ╚¥Clovers have been used for many years as a theme in folklore. The clover was chosen by St. Patrick as the religious symbol of Trinity. The roots, stems, leaves, and flowers are edible, but they will digest better if soaked in saltwater and cooked. Many animals feed on the clover. This plant was brought to this country from Europe and can be found in fields and pastures and on roadsides. Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata ╩MHydrilla is found in rivers, springs, irrigation canals, ponds, and streams. Originating in Africa, it is an exotic plant that was imported to Florida for use in aquariums. Hydrilla can withstand extreme conditions and live without sustainable water for great periods of time. It produces large mats on the water which block out sunlight from other plants. Hydrilla has become a problem because it chokes out native species. It does provide protection for certain small aquatic creatures. Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata ╩JHydrilla is found in rivers, springs, irrigation canals, ponds, and streams. Originating in Africa, it is an exotic plant that was imported to Florida for use in aquariums. Hydrilla can withstand extreme conditions and live without sustainable water for great periods of time. It produces large mats on the water which block out sunlight from other plants. Hydrilla has become a problem because it chokes out native species. It does provide protection for certain small aquatic creatures. Ironweed Veronia angustifolia ╔Ironweed is an attractive plant in bloom. It has long, narrow leaves and blooms in late summer, producing large numbers of bright-purple flowers. Farmers gave this plant its name because of its tough stems that stand upright throughout the winter. Jessamine Gelsemium sempervirens ╩8Jessamine is commonly seen on roadsides with yellow, trumpet-like flowers present between January and May. They are beautiful plants and have a pleasant aroma. The nectar of the jessamine is poisonous, however, to humans. The jessamine plant is a tangled, climbing vine that can reach up to 12 m. It is most often found at the edges of hardwood forests in sunny locations. Lady lupine Lupinus villosus ╟╢Lupine is a plant known for its attractive and showy flowers. These attractive flowers are arranged along an elongate stalk. The plant is covered by soft, hair-like structures which give it a grayish appearance. This species of lupine grows on sandy roadsides or in dry, open woods. Lantana Lantana camara ╟┬Lantana is an exotic species, meaning it is not native to Florida. It can invade native species, crowding them out. Its leaves are light green with very small flowers that range in color from lavender to red and orange. The green berries are quite poisonous to humans. Lantana is found mainly in sandy areas, especially coastal dunes and barrier islands. Lantana Lantana camara ╟┼Lantana is an exotic species, meaning it is not native to Florida. It can invade native species, crowding them out. Its leaves are light green with very small flowers that range in color from lavender to red and orange. The green berries are quite poisonous to humans. Lantana is found mainly in sandy areas, especially coastal dunes and barrier islands. Lichen Cladonia perforata ╔ⁿLichens are made up of two distinct groups of organisms: algae and fungi. Individuals from each group unite in a partnership for survival. The alga can photosynthesize and contribute food to the fungus. The fungus provides water, shelter, and nutrients to the alga. Sometimes the fungus produces spores that are released with algal cells. Lichens are used by people as well, as some can be boiled to create dyes. (While not plants, lichens are included herein as a plant-like species.) Live oak Quercus virginiana ╟bOak timber was once used to build ships in the 1700's. It is known for its huge limbs that are often draped in spanish moss. Native Americans often ate the acorns of the live oak. They are boiled to remove the bitter taste. The acorns are also a favorite food source for wild life, especially squirrels. The bark often provides protection for insects. Live oak trees are commonly found in open, dry to moist inland woods, as well as coastal areas. Live oak Quercus virginiana ╚ÜOak timber was once used to build ships in the 1700's. It is known for its huge limbs that are often draped in spanish moss. Native Americans often ate the acorns of the live oak. They are boiled to remove the bitter taste. The acorns are also a favorite food source for wild life, especially squirrels. The bark often provides protection for insects. Live oak trees are commonly found in open, dry to moist inland woods, as well as coastal areas. Live-oak bark Quercus virginiana ╟The Live Oak tree was used to build ships and furniture in the 17th century. The bark provides shelter for insects and spiders. Young shoots, foliage, and some acorns are poisonous if the toxins are not removed by boiling. Native Americans often ate the ripe acorns. Live oak trees are commonly found in open, dry to moist inland woods, as well as coastal areas. Longleaf pine Pinus palustris ╔ûSince fires occur in the South on a frequent basis, the longleaf pine, which is native to Florida, has become adapted to fires. The bark of this tree will flake off if burned, protecting the tree. The longleaf pine is very important for many animals. For example, the red-cockaded woodpecker depends on the longleaf pine for a habitat. Longleaf pines are an important part of many Florida forests, and precautions should be taken to ensure their continued survival. Longleaf pine seedling Pinus palustris ╬*This pine has become adapted to fires, and, in fact, needs fires to continue its species. After a fire, the seeds will be released, and the plant starts to grow. The longleaf pine seedling is known to grow slowly above ground for several years while a root system develops underground. After about 4 to 7 years, the young tree will grow very quickly and reach a safe size to ensure survival. Lupine Lupine spp. ╚OLupine is a plant known for its attractive and showy flowers. These attractive flowers are arranged along an elongate stalk. The plant is covered by soft, hair-like structures which give it a grayish appearance. This specimen of lupine grows on sandy roadsides or in dry, open woods. Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora ╔≤The magnolia has large, dark-green waxy leaves and is known for its beautiful and fragrant white flowers. This tree can be found in moist soils among other hardwoods. Because magnolia-like fossils dating back 70 million years have been found, magnolias are often referred to as relics of the past. Many birds provide seed dispersal for the magnolia. Beetles are attracted by the smell of the blooms and contribute to pollination. Manatee grass Syringodium filiforme ╧hManatee grass differs from most seagrasses in the fact that its blades are cylindrical rather than flattened. It is often seen mixed with turtle grass in shallow water meadows up to 10 m in depth. Manatee grass is a flowering plant that also bears small fruits during the year. Individual leaves can reach over 45 cm in length. As its name suggests, this seagrass is a favorite food of the endangered manatee. Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia ╔ Melaleuca is an exotic plant that was imported from Australia. Its loose bark gives it the nickname "paper bark tree," and its white flowers are an important source of commercial honey. Melaleuca is causing ecological problems in Florida because it tends to take over wetlands by drying out the soil. Native plants that normally grow on more moist soils die out. Measures are being taken to try and control the tree's rapid spread. This tree lives in damp, warm climates and can withstand severe weather c Mushrooms ╞ⁿMushrooms are fungi that come in various colors and sizes. Some even glow in the dark. Wild mushrooms should not be eaten, for many are toxic. Mushrooms lack chlorophyll and can't produce their own food. They depend on other sources for food. Certain mushrooms will fuse with the rootlets of a tree, assisting in the uptake and transport of nutrients. In turn, the fungus receives part of the food manufactured by the tree. (While not a plant, the mushroom is included herein as a plant-like species.) Myrtle oak Quercus myrtifolia ╩,In Florida, myrtle oaks can be found on barrier islands and in "scrub" woodlands of the state's interior. These areas provide important natural habitats, but they are being lost rapidly to development. When food is scarce in the winter, animals rely heavily on acorns. Raccoons, squirrels, ducks, quail, and woodpeckers are among the animals that depend on acorns. This relationship is also beneficial to the myrtle oak, for these animals move and bury the acorns, helping to produce new trees. Nakedwood Myrcianthes fragrans ╚Nakedwood is a woody tropical plant of the Florida Keys. Its bark is light-colored and smooth. The plant's seed capsules, when dried by the sun, burst open with a loud sound that has been likened to the sound of a rifle shot. Nakedwood has glossy leaves and white flowers. It can grow up to 6 m in height. Necklace pod Sophora tomentosa ╟∞The necklace pod is a member of the pea family. It can be recognized by its elongate mass of yellow flowers. It is most often seen near the coast where it can live in moist to arid regions. The seedpods of this plant can reach lengths of 10 cm. Necklace pod Sophora tomentosa ╟∩The necklace pod is a member of the pea family. It can be recognized by its elongate mass of yellow flowers. It is most often seen near the coast where it can live in moist to arid regions. The seedpods of this plant can reach lengths of 10 cm. New York purple aster Aster novibelgii ╞ New York purple asters grow in slightly brackish water and freshwater marshes. Sometimes these trees border salt marshes. Their violet flowers can be seen between late September and November. New York purple asters grow to a height of 90 cm. This plant, not native to Florida, is an imported exotic species. Ogeche tupelo Nyssa ogeche ╩The ogeche tupelo is found close to the water in swampy areas, so it is submerged for a few months in the winter and spring. Its scientific name is Nyssa, which was the name of the ancient Greek goddess of lakes and rivers. Painted-leaf poinsettia heterophylla ╚|The painted-leaf poinsettia is found in habitats that range from dunes to pinelands to roadsides. It occurs most frequently in the southern half of the state and blooms throughout the year in that area. The milky substance contained in the plant tissue can cause skin irritations. Parrot pitcher plant Sarracenia psittacina ╔*Pitcher plants live in boggy, acidic soil. They can ingest insects by trapping them in specialized, funnel-shaped leaves called pitchers. Insects are attracted to the pitchers by their color. Some pitcher plants also have trumpets that produce nectar or an odor to attract insects. Once an insect crawls inside the pitcher, tiny hairs that point downward prevent the insect from escaping. Enzymes in a fluid contained in the pitcher break down insect tissues, providing needed plant nutrients. Partridge pea Cassia fasciculata ╚vThe partridge pea is an annual plant that can be found in sandy soil. It can grow up to 1 m in height but is usually shorter. The partridge pea blooms between July and September. Dried leaves of these plants were used medicinally (for medical purposes) by native Americans. Partridge pea Cassia fasciculata ╚yThe partridge pea is an annual plant that can be found in sandy soil. It can grow up to 1 m in height but is usually shorter. The partridge pea blooms between July and September. Dried leaves of these plants were used medicinally (for medical purposes) by native Americans. Pennywort Hydrocotyle spp. ╟tThe pennywort is native to Florida. It can be found mainly in ponds and canals. These plants are rooted into the mud and grow on the surface of the water forming a mat. The seeds and foliage are a food source for waterfowl. When the plant invades lawns, it competes with grass and can take over wetter areas of lawns. Pennywort Hydrocotyle spp. ╟qThe pennywort is native to Florida. It can be found mainly in ponds and canals. These plants are rooted into the mud and grow on the surface of the water forming a mat. The seeds and foliage are a food source for waterfowl. When the plant invades lawns, it competes with grass and can take over wetter areas of lawns. Pepper vine Ampelopsis arborea ╔'Pepper vine is usually found in moist areas. It can often be found on stream banks and in moist woods and swamp margins. The pepper vine fruits between August and November. The berries are bitter and inedible to humans, but they are used by seed-eating birds. Pickerelweed Pontederia cordata ╞Pickerelweed is a water plant that grows in large beds that form mats in shallow water. They are notable for their spikes of blue flowers. It flowers between May and October. The leaves are large and arrow-shaped. Pickerelweed can be found on pond edges and in marshes. Poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans ╩DPoison ivy is a pesty plant. Rubbing against this plant can cause skin irritations that will last for several days. Learning to recognize poison ivy is a valuable key to prevention. It is a vine or shrub-like plant with leaflets in 3's, and it produces clusters of white berries in the fall and winter. Poison oak grows in dry, sunny areas, and poison ivy grows in moist, shady forests. They are closely related. The fruit of poison ivy is eaten by songbirds. Poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans ╩GPoison ivy is a pesty plant. Rubbing against this plant can cause skin irritations that will last for several days. Learning to recognize poison ivy is a valuable key to prevention. It is a vine or shrub-like plant with leaflets in 3's, and it produces clusters of white berries in the fall and winter. Poison oak grows in dry, sunny areas, and poison ivy grows in moist, shady forests. They are closely related. The fruit of poison ivy is eaten by songbirds. Pond cypress Taxodium ascendens ╩ Pond cypress is found most often on edges of acidic ponds surrounded by flatwoods. Cypress trees have bases that are swollen, or buttressed. Because of its durability, cypress is used for making acid holding tanks, docks, poles, and railroad ties. Pondweed Potamogeton spp. ╩Pondweed is a plant attached to the bottom of lakes or ponds. It is very important to organisms that inhabit bodies of freshwater. Pondweed is a main source of food for waterfowl and many other aquatic animals. Fish, frogs, snakes, and snails feed and breed among the leaves of this plant. Poor-man's-patches Mentzelia floridana ╚Poor-man's-patches, native to the Florida peninsula and Keys, gets its name from the way it sticks to clothes and fur. Its seeds are spread when large parts of the plant, including fruits that contain the seeds, attach to clothing or animal fur. It sometimes takes days before the plant is removed from clothing or fur. Poor-man's-patches can be found on dunes and also in wooded areas. This plant grows to approximately 1 m high and has small yellow blooms year round. Prickly pear Opuntia compressa ╟hThe prickly pear is a type of cactus that is used by different animals for food and protection. Pack rats will take broken spines and use them to protect their burrow, and certain birds are known to nest on this spiny plant. Deer and cattle eat the fruit and people use this fruit to make syrup and candy. The prickly pear can be found in drier areas, such as barrier islands and sand hills. Railroad vine Ipomoea pes-caprae ╚IRailroad vine sends out trailing stems from plants at the bases of dunes, forming mats of vegetation on the open beach. The lavender to purple flowers of the railroad vine open in the early morning and close before noon. This plant is found mainly on dunes and barrier islands. Simply walking on the railroad vine can destroy it, leaving dunes and beaches subject to both natural and man-made erosion. Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle ╞6Red mangroves have characteristic prop roots that arise from the trunk, arch out, and then become rooted. The prop roots collect sediments, allowing more rooting to occur, thus increasing the size of the mangrove colony. The tree's tangle of roots also serves as a good hiding place for animals. Red mangroves are found in salt or brackish water along the shoreline. Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle ═ Red mangroves have characteristic prop roots that arise from the trunk, arch out, and then become rooted. The prop roots collect sediments, allowing more rooting to occur, thus increasing the size of the mangrove colony. The tree's tangle of roots also serves as a good hiding place for animals. Red mangroves are found in salt or brackish water along the shoreline. Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle ╔çRed mangroves have characteristic prop roots that arise from the trunk, arch out, and then become rooted. The prop roots collect sediments, allowing more rooting to occur, thus increasing the size of the mangrove colony. The tree's tangle of roots also serves as a good hiding place for animals. Red mangroves are found in salt or brackish water along the shoreline. Red maple Acer rubrum ╔╒Maples have an interesting way of dispersing their seeds. Their fruits, also known as samaras, are winged seeds that spin to the ground like tiny helicopters. The red maple lives in moist, swampy areas. It is recognized by its red flowers, fruits, and leafstalks and its red fall leaves. All maples produce sweet sap which can be cooked into a syrup. Early settlers used to cook the seeds in milk and butter. Red maple Acer rubrum ╔╥Maples have an interesting way of dispersing their seeds. Their fruits, also known as samaras, are winged seeds that spin to the ground like tiny helicopters. The red maple lives in moist, swampy areas. It is recognized by its red flowers, fruits, and leafstalks and its red fall leaves. All maples produce sweet sap which can be cooked into a syrup. Early settlers used to cook the seeds in milk and butter. Rosebud orchid Cleistes divaricata ╚▓Rosebud orchids can be found in moist pine forests and sandy meadows. They bloom between April and July. The rosebud orchid is the only species of the genus Cleistes which occurs in North America. Each plant of this orchid bears a single flower atop a slender stem. Rosemary Ceratiola ericoides ╬NRosemary is found both along coasts and inland where well-drained, sandy soils are located. This shrub is densely branched and often gives off the smell of evergreen under extremely hot conditions. It very sensitive to fire, and efforts to transplant it have been unsuccessful. Rosemary does, however, produce great quantities of seeds which soon sprout after a fire takes place. Rosemary Ceratiola ericoides ╬WRosemary is found both along coasts and inland where well-drained, sandy soils are located. This shrub is densely branched and often gives off the smell of evergreen under extremely hot conditions. It very sensitive to fire, and efforts to transplant it have been unsuccessful. Rosemary does, however, produce great quantities of seeds which soon sprout after a fire takes place. Royal fern Osmunda regalis ╩ The royal fern is usually found in swamps and wet woods. It can grow to a height of 1.5 m. The stalks and roots form large mounds. The spores are short-lived. If the spores do not germinate within one to two weeks, they will die. Rusty lyonia Lyonia ferruginea ╔uRusty lyonia can be found with several other shrubs in sandy, dry scrub areas. In these areas the soil is well-drained and suitable for lyonia survival. This shrub's leaves are rust-colored on the underside. This unique coloration comes from thousands of plate-like structures on the underside of the leaf. Saltbush Baccharis spp. ╞The saltbush, a shrub which sometimes reaches the size of a small tree (to 4 m), often produces a mass of flowers that attracts large numbers of butterflies. The female plants produce mature seeds with silky white hairs. Saltbushes are found along the highest parts of marshes and grow best in sandy soil. Saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens ╚%Saltmeadow cordgrass is a food source for many animal species. It is usually found in drier areas of salt marshes and in low dune areas. It is able to withstand periodic flooding by saltwater. Saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens ╟╝Saltmeadow cordgrass is a food source for many animal species. It is usually found in drier areas of salt marshes and in low dune areas. It is able to withstand periodic flooding by saltwater. Saltwort Batis maritima ╠6Saltwort has the ability to survive in areas of extremely high salinity. For this reason it is known as a pioneer plant, meaning it is one of the first plants to take root in an area. Saltworts have very small flowers and berries. When the saltwort is crushed, it gives off a strong scent. Sand bur Cenchrus tribuloides ╠∙When people walk barefoot down to a Florida beach, they may discover sand burs in a somewhat painful manner. Sand burs can be recognized by sharp projections on their seed covers, or burs. These projections provide sand burs with a means of indirect locomotion. When an animal comes in contact with a bur, it will carry the bur until it eventually falls off. In this way burs can travel for miles and be distributed over a wide range of territory. The seed will then germinate in a new area. Saw palmetto Serenoa repens ╠ΩSaw palmettos can be found in open pine forests and other sunny areas with sandy soils. Sharp "teeth" along the leaf stalk give the plant its name. The saw palmetto is adapted to fire, quickly putting out new growth after it has been burned. Many animals, such as snakes and birds, use the thickets created by this plant as shelter. Other animals, like deer and bear, eat the plant's fruit . Insects are attracted to the white flowers and aid in the pollination process. Saw palmetto Serenoa repens ╞ Saw palmettos can be found in open pine forests and other sunny areas with sandy soils. Sharp "teeth" along the leaf stalk give the plant its name. The saw palmetto is adapted to fire, quickly putting out new growth after it has been burned. Many animals, such as snakes and birds, use the thickets created by this plant as shelter. Other animals, like deer and bear, eat the plant's fruit . Insects are attracted to the white flowers and aid in the pollination process. Scrub bay Persea humilis ╔QThe scrub bay is a common species of the Central Florida highlands. It is found mainly in Polk, Lake and surrounding counties. It can be distinguished by its seasonal fruit that is grape-like in appearance. The habitat of the scrub bay is mainly in sand scrublands and dune areas. It is usually associated with rosemary scrub and sand pine. The habitat of the scrub bay has been depleted in recent years due to the planting of citrus trees and land development. Scrub oak Quercus inopina ╔NScrub oaks can be found on sandy, dry, rolling hills in the south-central part of Florida. This oak, along with several others, forms the "scrub" of the Lake Wales Ridge, famous for its population of birds known as scrub jays. When food is scarce in the winter, animals, including scrub jays, rely on the oak's acorns. These birds are also helpful in planting acorns. Acorns buried and not eaten by the scrub jays will begin to grow into new trees. Sea grape Coccoloba uvifera ╔äThe sea grape is a shrub found on coastal dunes in the southern half of Florida. Sea grapes create thickets that are used by small animals for protection from predators. The fruit, which hangs in clusters and ripens in the fall, is eaten by many animals. The sea grape, where it exists, is just as important as sea oats for dune stabilization. Sea grape Coccoloba uvifera ╠ⁿThe sea grape is a shrub found on coastal dunes in the southern half of Florida. Sea grapes create thickets that are used by small animals for protection from predators. The fruit, which hangs in clusters and ripens in the fall, is eaten by many animals. The sea grape, where it exists, is just as important as sea oats for dune stabilization. Sea lavender Limonium carolinianum ═&The stiff wiry stems of the sea lavender have beautiful purple flowers at the tips. The sea lavender gives the appearance of being extremely fragile. In reality it can withstand such drastic environmental conditions as the force of heavy winds and the impact of being covered with saltwater. These plants are located on salt marshes and mangroves or in moist areas among coastal dunes and scrubs. Sea oats Uniola paniculata ═wSea oats is the most important plant in terms of conservation that is present along Florida's coasts. Sea oats help hold sand dunes in place and are protected by law. They are illegal to pick, and living plants can only be bought in professional nurseries. Even though sea oats have deep underground root systems, replanting is usually successful. Sea oxeye Borrichia frutescens ╟≥Sea oxeye can be found along the edges of high salinity marshes or mangroves. They can be recognized by their aromatic, thick, grayish leaves and single yellow flowers situated atop long stems. Sea purslane Sesuvium portulacastrum ╟πSea purslane has thick, fleshy leaves and pink flowers. It is found in salt marshes and on coastal dunes, where it spreads out and forms large mats. Sea purslane Sesuvium portulacastrum ╟µSea purslane has thick, fleshy leaves and pink flowers. It is found in salt marshes and on coastal dunes, where it spreads out and forms large mats. Sea rocket Cakile edentula ╚Sea rockets are found on the front sides of many dunes. Their flowers are white or pink, with the blooms being followed by large seed pods. Sea rockets aid in dune creation by catching sand among their stems. Sea rocket Cakile edentula ╚(Sea rockets are found on the front sides of many dunes. Their flowers are white or pink, with the blooms being followed by large seed pods. Sea rockets aid in dune creation by catching sand among their stems. Seashore saltgrass Distichlis spicata ╟_Seashore saltgrass is a low-growing grass that forms dense mats. It is found on salt marshes and dunes. This plant blooms in late summer. Seeds produced in the fall are often eaten by birds and small animals. Shoal grass Halodule beaudettei ╧eOne of the most common seagrasses found off the coast of Florida, shoal grass is similar in appearance to turtle grass, only it has narrower leaves (2-3 mm). A distinctive feature of shoal grass is the presence of three teeth on the tip of each blade. An extremely hearty plant, this seagrass can be found in waters up to 10 m deep and can survive in a wide range of salinities. Shoal grass Halodule beaudettei ╧bOne of the most common seagrasses found off the coast of Florida, shoal grass is similar in appearance to turtle grass, only it has narrower leaves (2-3 mm). A distinctive feature of shoal grass is the presence of three teeth on the tip of each blade. An extremely hearty plant, this seagrass can be found in waters up to 10 m deep and can survive in a wide range of salinities. Slash pine Pinus elliottii ╟Slash pine are often associated with gallberry and saw palmetto in landscapes known as pine flatwoods. In the past, slash pine were more plentiful in extreme south Florida and along the coast than elsewhere in the state. Slash pine are more widespread now, as they have been widely planted for timber. Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora ═,Smooth cordgrass is an important plant of salt marshes. It can withstand frequent saltwater flooding. Smooth cordgrass is found most often in sandy soils that are flooded about 35% to 85% of the time. The plant blooms in late summer and fall and has small flowers. Southern red cedar Juniperus silicola ╔Red cedar grow in places that most trees cannot, such as coastal dunes and rocky outcrops. They serve as pioneer trees, dropping needles that break down and form soil. This act creates an environment where other plants may be able to take root. Red cedar can also be found in abandoned fields. Red cedar wood is resistant to decay, so it is often used in making chests, cabinets, and carvings. Spanish bayonet Yucca aloifolia ╠ Spanish bayonet is unique in that it can only be pollinated by the yucca moth. The female moth inserts her eggs into the base of the flower, where the seeds of the plant will form. After the moth larvae emerge from the eggs, they feed on some of the seeds. This plant's flowers are numerous and fragrant. Spanish bayonet Yucca aloifolia ╚sSpanish bayonet is unique in that it can only be pollinated by the yucca moth. The female moth inserts her eggs into the base of the flower, where the seeds of the plant will form. After the moth larvae emerge from the eggs, they feed on some of the seeds. This plant's flowers are numerous and fragrant. Sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum ╩ Sparkleberry is the only member of the group that includes blueberries to reach tree size. In the spring, this tree is laden with white, bell-shaped flowers. Following bloom, dark-colored fruit is produced that is fed upon by birds. The wood from this tree is extremely hard and durable and is often used for making tool handles. Sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum ╩ Sparkleberry is the only member of the group that includes blueberries to reach tree size. In the spring, this tree is laden with white, bell-shaped flowers. Following bloom, dark-colored fruit is produced that is fed upon by birds. The wood from this tree is extremely hard and durable and is often used for making tool handles. Spider lily Hymenocallis spp. ╔0The spider lily is a beautiful plant that can be found in a wide range of habitats. It grows to be about 30 cm in height and has an onion-like bulb. The spider lily can withstand a variety of conditions. For example, it can survive in rich soil or poor soil alike. It is found in mangrove swamps, rivers, and sometimes dunes. Today, many of these plants are seen as shrub borders or used for landscaping. Stinging nettle Urtica chamaedryoides ╚jStinging nettle, as its name suggests, is best know for the irritating burn it gives off. The hairs on the leaves are actually small hollow tubes that inject a stinging substance. Even though these plants cause skin irritations, they can be eaten if boiled. It has long been believed that stinging nettle can help in easing the pain of arthritis or back problems. It is found in hardwood forests and thickets. Stinkhorn Family: Phallaceae ╔ÖStinkhorn, a type of fungus, can be found in wood-chip mulch as well as in organic-rich soil. It starts out in an egg-shaped case that looks very much like a puffball. Once the fungus starts to mature, the stinkhorn swells with water and lengthens rapidly within a few hours. The top of the stinkhorn is slimy and smelly and attracts flies and beetles. These insects transport stinkhorn spores to other areas. Summer farewell Petalostemon pinnatum ╚·Summer farewell is found in dry pinelands and oak scrubs. Clusters of white flowers are present in summer and fall. Summer farewell can grow to about 1 m in height. This plant is a legume, or a member of the bean family, which means it benefits the soil by fixing nitrogen in the soil. Sundew Drosera capillaris ╔]Sundew is an insectivorous plant. Hair-like structures on the plant's leaves have droplets that consist of a sticky substance. Insects are attracted to the droplets and become entangled. The plant then secretes enzymes which digests its prey, providing nutrients to the plant. Sweet pitcher plant Sarracenia rubra ╚╡Pitcher plants live in boggy, acidic soil. They can ingest insects by trapping them in specialized, funnel-shaped leaves called pitchers. Insects are attracted to the pitchers by their color. Some pitcher plants also have trumpets that produce nectar or an odor to attract insects. Once an insect crawls inside the pitcher, tiny hairs that point downward prevent the insect from escaping. Enzymes in a fluid contained in the pitcher break down insect tissues, providing needed plant nutrients. Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana ╔-Sweetbay is a member of the magnolia family. The magnolia is known for its beautiful flowers and attractive foliage. This tree can be found in seepage areas growing with two other trees, redbay and loblolly bay. Beetles contribute to pollination for the sweetbay, and birds provide seed dispersal. Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua ╞ Sweetgum has smooth, star-shaped leaves. Its foliage turns to shades of yellow, orange, and red in the fall. This tree can reach up to 36 m in height and 2 m in diameter. Sap that comes from wounds in the tree was used as a chewing gum substitute in the old South. Sweetgums can be found in rich, wet soil in lowland woods. Thistle Cirsium horridulum ╟zThistle can be found in any number of dry to moist habitats. It blooms between June and October. This plant can spread rapidly due to airborne seeds. Thistle produces spiny leaves which prevent it from being eaten by deer and other animals. The plant's flower-heads attract butterflies and bumblebees, and its seeds are eaten by goldfinches. Thistle Cirsium horridulum ╟wThistle can be found in any number of dry to moist habitats. It blooms between June and October. This plant can spread rapidly due to airborne seeds. Thistle produces spiny leaves which prevent it from being eaten by deer and other animals. The plant's flower-heads attract butterflies and bumblebees, and its seeds are eaten by goldfinches. Thistle Cirsium horridulum ╚²Thistle can be found in any number of dry to moist habitats. It blooms between June and October. This plant can spread rapidly due to airborne seeds. Thistle produces spiny leaves which prevent it from being eaten by deer and other animals. The plant's flower-heads attract butterflies and bumblebees, and its seeds are eaten by goldfinches. Tickseed Coreopsis gladiata ╚┘Tickseed can be recognized by its lance-shaped leaves and yellow blossoms which occur singly atop long stalks. These beautiful flowers can be found in acidic swamps and wet pinelands. Most often tickseeds can be seen blooming in the summer and fall. Torreya Tree Torreya taxifolia ╧òTorreya, an endangered species, is one of the rarest trees found anywhere in the world. This particular species grows naturally in only one place in the world, a 50-mile stretch along the Apalachicola River. Since the 1950's scientists have noticed a steady decline in the natural populations of torreyas. This has been attributed to a disease, and at this time experts are still unsure of the cause of the disease. Torreyas can grow up to 15 m in height. Tread-softly Cnidoscolus stimulosus ╞!Touching any of the above-ground parts of this plant can be very painful to an individual. Tread-softly's leaves, stems, and even its flowers are armed with stinging hairs. Its flowers occur in small, flat clusters and are tubular, with five flaring lobes. This plant's starchy roots go far into the ground. Tread-softly can be found in dry, sandy woods, old fields, roadsides, or dunes. Tropical sage Salvia coccinea ╚Tropical sage is common in disturbed sites and thicket margins. Its growth is restricted to a few counties in the Panhandle, but it is more widespread in the southern half of the state. Its showy, red flowers bloom year-round in southern Florida and from spring to fall in the Panhandle were it grows along river bluffs. The plant's stems are branched, square, and hairy. Tropical sage Salvia coccinea ╚Tropical sage is common in disturbed sites and thicket margins. Its growth is restricted to a few counties in the Panhandle, but it is more widespread in the southern half of the state. Its showy, red flowers bloom year-round in southern Florida and from spring to fall in the Panhandle were it grows along river bluffs. The plant's stems are branched, square, and hairy. Trumpet plant Sarracenia flava ╚⌐Pitcher plants live in boggy, acidic soil. They can ingest insects by trapping them in specialized, funnel-shaped leaves called pitchers. Insects are attracted to the pitchers by their color. Some pitcher plants also have trumpets that produce nectar or an odor to attract insects. Once an insect crawls inside the pitcher, tiny hairs that point downward prevent the insect from escaping. Enzymes in a fluid contained in the pitcher break down insect tissues, providing needed plant nutrients. Turk's cap mallow Malvaviscus arboreus ╔ÉTurk's cap mallow a hearty bush which grows almost anywhere in Florida is an imported exotic species. The plant is recognizable by its small, red blooms. Blooming takes place nearly year-round, and the plant's pollen is a food source for many insects. Turkey oak Quercus laevis ╬QUnder natural conditions turkey oaks usually do not grow very tall, because frequent natural fires keep them small. This burning does not kill the trees, because their root systems stay intact. Today, because of prescribed fires that are conducted outside the natural fire season or because of no fires at all, these trees grow much taller. Turtle grass Thalassia testudinum ╧VOne of the most abundant marine plants found in the Caribbean, turtle grass has become less abundant off the coast of Florida due to water quality changes and habitat destruction. Turtle grass is a true flowering plant that has extensive root systems which allow it to expand into new areas. Its blades are 4-12 mm wide and can grow up to 1 m in height. Found in waters up to 20 m deep, turtle grass often forms large underwater meadows on soft, sandy bottoms. Vervain Verbena spp. ╟│Vervains are found in various habitats throughout Florida. Some early American Indians considered vervains sacred. Vervains make up one of the largest plant families in the world. Except for in the arctic and antarctic regions, they can be found in almost any area. Vervain Verbena spp. ╚CVervains are found in various habitats throughout Florida. Some early American Indians considered vervains sacred. Vervains make up one of the largest plant families in the world. Except for in the arctic and antarctic regions, they can be found in almost any area. Virginia willow Itea virginica ╩5The Virginia willow habitat is on stream banks and in wet woods and swamps. They can be identified by their small, white flowers that cluster at the top of each stalk. These flowers are in bloom in mid-winter, spring, and early summer. Virginia willow can sometimes reach 2 m or more in height. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes ╩Water hyacinth was imported to Florida and once valued as an ornamental plant, but it reproduces so fast that it chokes waterways. Biological controls in the form of various insects and other organisms that affect only this plant are presently being used to control its growth. Water hyacinth can be used in wastewater treatment ponds to remove nutrients and toxins. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes ╩Water hyacinth was imported to Florida and once valued as an ornamental plant, but it reproduces so fast that it chokes waterways. Biological controls in the form of various insects and other organisms that affect only this plant are presently being used to control its growth. Water hyacinth can be used in wastewater treatment ponds to remove nutrients and toxins. Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes ╔╞Water lettuce is a fast-growing plant that can form mats over the water. Like water hyacinth, this plant is not native to Florida. Water lettuce can be found in still streams, lakes, ponds, ditches, or swamps. Waxmyrtle Myrica cerifera ╟kWaxmyrtle was used by the colonists for making fragrant-burning candles from the fruit's waxy covering. This tree is now used for ornamental purposes in landscaping and hedges and is a source of honey. Waxmyrtle can be found in areas that range from dry to swampy. White mangrove Laguncularia racemosa ╔▐White mangrove, one of three unrelated species collectively known as mangroves, grows on higher ground generally than do red and black mangroves. It can be found in estuarine areas and along freshwater streams. This tree's branches hang over the water, and fruit that falls into the water can be transported by currents to other areas. White water lily Nymphaea odorata ╔÷The white water lily is one of the many plants that are rooted at the bottom of ponds and lakes. Their beautiful flowers open between March and October. When the flower fades, its stalk shrinks, submerging the fruit, while the seeds mature. Then the case opens, and the seeds float free until they become waterlogged, sink, and take root. Wild azalea Rhododendron spp. ╞Wild azaleas are mainly deciduous shrubs with simple leaves and large, showy, bell-shaped or funnel-formed flowers. Their flowers come in a variety of colors. The leaves, flowers, and nectar are toxic but usually not fatal. The flowers are sometimes used as ornaments. Wild azaleas are commonly found in temperate regions. Wiregrass Aristida stricta ╬'At one time, wiregrass formed a near continuous cover beneath much of Florida's pine forests. It gets its name from leaves which are thin and slender and resemble wire. This grass, along with fallen pine needles, provides fuel for fires that keep woodlands open and create proper habitats for gopher tortoises, fox squirrels, and many other animals. Wisteria Wisteria sinensis ╔Wisteria is an exotic plant that blooms between March and May. Its blooms, which droop from the branches, are blue-purple. This plant's woody vines may grow to be several inches thick over the years. Wisteria's foliage competes with native plants for sunshine, sometimes shading out other plants. Wood-loving lycogalas Lycogala epidendrum -fungi ╔├Wood-loving lycogalas is a fungus which reproduces by tiny spores dispersed by air currents, rain, or insects. When the spores land, a network of thread-like tissues, called mycelia, forms. These tissues gives rise to fleshy structures, sometimes called mushrooms, that produce more spores. The mushroom is short-lived, but the mycelia may live for centuries underground. Since this fungus lacks chlorophyll and is unable to make its own food, it relies on wood for nourishment. Woody goldenrod Chrysoma pauciflosculosa ╚Woody goldenrod has bright, yellow flowers. It can be found mainly along the coast in the dunes, scrubs, and sandhills of Florida's Panhandle. Its small flowers, blooming from September to November, occur in clusters over the entire bush. Goldenrod attracts many kinds of insect pollinators, such as beetles, bees, and butterflies, which in turn attract spiders. Woody goldenrod Chrysoma pauciflosculosa ╟ñWoody goldenrod has bright, yellow flowers. It can be found mainly along the coast in the dunes, scrubs, and sandhills of Florida's Panhandle. Its small flowers, blooming from September to November, occur in clusters over the entire bush. Goldenrod attracts many kinds of insect pollinators, such as beetles, bees, and butterflies, which in turn attract spiders. Woody goldenrod Chrysoma pauciflosculosa ╟ºWoody goldenrod has bright, yellow flowers. It can be found mainly along the coast in the dunes, scrubs, and sandhills of Florida's Panhandle. Its small flowers, blooming from September to November, occur in clusters over the entire bush. Goldenrod attracts many kinds of insect pollinators, such as beetles, bees, and butterflies, which in turn attract spiders. Woody mint Conradina canescens ╟òWoody mint is found in two widely-separated areas in the state, the Panhandle (Escambia to Wakulla counties) and Central Florida (Polk and Highland counties). It is common in dry places such as dunes, live oak woods, and scrubs. It has narrow leaf blades and petals that are united. Woody mint can reach a height of 50 cm. Woody mint Conradina canescens ╟ÆWoody mint is found in two widely-separated areas in the state, the Panhandle (Escambia to Wakulla counties) and Central Florida (Polk and Highland counties). It is common in dry places such as dunes, live oak woods, and scrubs. It has narrow leaf blades and petals that are united. Woody mint can reach a height of 50 cm. Yaupon Ilex vomitoria ╔ZYaupon is a member of the holly family. Many different birds eat its bright red berries. Some native Americans made tea, used as an important ceremonial drink, from this plant's leaves. Today, yaupon is used for ornamental purposes. Yellow butterwort Pinguicula lutea ╔ΣButterworts are insectivorous plants. Their sticky, yellowish leaves trap insects that land on them. The leaf edges eventually curl over the prey and secrete an enzyme that dissolves parts of the insect. The plant gets nitrogen and other nutrients it needs from the insect. Butterworts can be found in seepage or swampy areas. Yellow water lily Nymphaea flava ╔ Yellow water lily is also called the banana water lily. This plant can be found throughout Florida. Its beautiful flower opens from midday to late afternoon. When the plants are crowded, the leaves may rise above the water. They grow in quiet waters, ponds, and ditches. Alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii ╧ The alligator snapping turtle is America's largest freshwater turtle, reaching lengths of 75 cm and weighing as much as 108 kg. It spends much of its time lying motionless on the bottom of lakes, rivers, and ponds. Alligator snapping turtles have a pink growth on their tongues that looks like a worm and is used to attract unwary fish. Their jaws are extremely powerful; once a fish gets too close, the result is certain. These turtles have been known to live for over 60 years in zoos. Alligator snapping turtle hatchling Macroclemys temminckii ╧The alligator snapping turtle is America's largest freshwater turtle, reaching lengths of 75 cm and weighing as much as 108 kg. It spends much of its time lying motionless on the bottom of lakes, rivers, and ponds. Alligator snapping turtles have a pink growth on their tongues that looks like a worm and is used to attract unwary fish. Their jaws are extremely powerful; once a fish gets too close, the result is certain. These turtles have been known to live for over 60 years in zoos. American alligator Alligator mississippiensis ╧&The American alligator is the largest reptile to inhabit Florida. Once common throughout the state, alligator numbers were greatly decreased over the years due to overhunting. Protective laws and limited hunting seasons have helped stabilize population numbers in recent years. Alligators lay eggs, and the females build large nests where they bury their eggs. The nest is made of decaying vegetation and mud. These animals feed on turtles, fish, and waterfowl. American alligator Alligator mississippiensis ╔╖The American alligator is the largest reptile to inhabit Florida. Once common throughout the state, alligator numbers were greatly decreased over the years due to overhunting. Protective laws and limited hunting seasons have helped stabilize population numbers in recent years. Alligators lay eggs, and the females build large nests where they bury their eggs. The nest is made of decaying vegetation and mud. These animals feed on turtles, fish, and waterfowl. American alligator Alligator mississippiensis ╧#The American alligator is the largest reptile to inhabit Florida. Once common throughout the state, alligator numbers were greatly decreased over the years due to overhunting. Protective laws and limited hunting seasons have helped stabilize population numbers in recent years. Alligators lay eggs, and the females build large nests where they bury their eggs. The nest is made of decaying vegetation and mud. These animals feed on turtles, fish, and waterfowl. American alligator Alligator mississippiensis ╧The American alligator is the largest reptile to inhabit Florida. Once common throughout the state, alligator numbers were greatly decreased over the years due to overhunting. Protective laws and limited hunting seasons have helped stabilize population numbers in recent years. Alligators lay eggs, and the females build large nests where they bury their eggs. The nest is made of decaying vegetation and mud. These animals feed on turtles, fish, and waterfowl. American alligator Alligator mississippiensis ╧ The American alligator is the largest reptile to inhabit Florida. Once common throughout the state, alligator numbers were greatly decreased over the years due to overhunting. Protective laws and limited hunting seasons have helped stabilize population numbers in recent years. Alligators lay eggs, and the females build large nests where they bury their eggs. The nest is made of decaying vegetation and mud. These animals feed on turtles, fish, and waterfowl. Barbour's map turtle Graptemys barbouri ╧qThe Barbour's map turtle is a timid animal found in the Apalachicola and Chipola Rivers in Florida. There are extreme differences between the sexes, as females grow to be over twice the size (30 cm) of the males. They also have large broad heads and jaws which they use to crush shells of snails and freshwater clams. Males have much smaller heads and feed mainly on insects. They can be recognized by the yellow markings on the carapace. Barbour's map turtle Graptemys barbouri ╧nThe Barbour's map turtle is a timid animal found in the Apalachicola and Chipola Rivers in Florida. There are extreme differences between the sexes, as females grow to be over twice the size (30 cm) of the males. They also have large broad heads and jaws which they use to crush shells of snails and freshwater clams. Males have much smaller heads and feed mainly on insects. They can be recognized by the yellow markings on the carapace. Barbour's map turtle hatchling Graptemys barbouri ╧kThe Barbour's map turtle is a timid animal found in the Apalachicola and Chipola Rivers in Florida. There are extreme differences between the sexes, as females grow to be over twice the size (30 cm) of the males. They also have large broad heads and jaws which they use to crush shells of snails and freshwater clams. Males have much smaller heads and feed mainly on insects. They can be recognized by the yellow markings on the carapace. Barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa ╟#The barking treefrog gets its name from its loud "barking" calls that sound very much like an angry dog. During mating season-- March to August--this unique bark can be heard by the water. These treefrogs are at home burrowing under the ground as well as climbing trees. Suction cups on their feet help them climb. During the dry months, these frogs can be found in the soil or beneath tree roots or grass clumps. They feed on insects. Black racer Coluber constrictor constrictor ┼≈The black racer is an extremely aggressive snake that gets its name from its ability to move at very high speeds. If cornered, these snakes are known to fight fiercely, no matter what the opposition. A black racer will show aggression by vibrating its tail against dry leaves and bushes. Black racers can grow to about 180 cm. They feed on lizards, small birds, insects, frogs, and other snakes. Black swamp snake Seminatrix pygaea ╔ Black swamp snakes have increased in number since the introduction to Florida of the water hyacinth. Water hyacinth forms mats over the water which provide shelter for the snakes and habitat for the food of this snake. Timid creatures, they are most often seen after a heavy rain. They grow to about 45 cm in length and feed mainly on leeches, fish, frogs, and tadpoles. Box turtle Terrapene carolina ╠ Although closely related to the water turtle, the box turtle differs in that it lives on land, in moist woodlands. It has a very tight-fitted suit of armor to protect itself from predators. Box turtles can adapt rather quickly to changes in temperature. In hot months, they burrow under rotted logs or soak in the mud for hours in order to stay cool. During rainy months, they can be seen more frequently in the open, cooling off. They eat fruit, mushrooms and invertebrates. Box turtle Terrapene carolina ╚ªAlthough closely related to the water turtle, the box turtle differs in that it lives on land, in moist woodlands. It has a very tight-fitted suit of armor to protect itself from predators. Box turtles can adapt rather quickly to changes in temperature. In hot months, they burrow under rotted logs or soak in the mud for hours in order to stay cool. During rainy months, they can be seen more frequently in the open, cooling off. They eat fruit, mushrooms and invertebrates. Box turtle Terrapene carolina bauri ╟MAlthough closely related to the water turtle, the box turtle differs in that it lives on land, in moist woodlands. It has a very tight-fitted suit of armor to protect itself from predators. Box turtles can adapt rather quickly to changes in temperature. In hot months, they burrow under rotted logs or soak in the mud for hours in order to stay cool. During rainy months, they can be seen more frequently in the open, cooling off. They eat fruit, mushrooms and invertebrates. Broadhead skink Eumeces laticeps ╦εThe broadhead skink is a large lizard (some over 30 cm), found in both dry and swampy areas. Often seen on trees, these skinks are frequently called "smooth-scaled lizards" because of the glossy appearance of their flattened scales. The broadhead skink feeds mainly on insects, spiders, and worms. Its powerful jaws can inflict a painful bite. Broadhead skink Eumeces laticeps ╦±The broadhead skink is a large lizard (some over 30 cm), found in both dry and swampy areas. Often seen on trees, these skinks are frequently called "smooth-scaled lizards" because of the glossy appearance of their flattened scales. The broadhead skink feeds mainly on insects, spiders, and worms. Its powerful jaws can inflict a painful bite. Corn snake Elaphe guttata ╟;The corn snake, a member of the rat snake family, is often called the "red rat snake." Nonpoisonous, the corn snake instead constricts, or squeezes, its prey to death. It spends much of its time underground in rodent tunnels. It may also be found in outbuildings and trash heaps. The corn snake is also a very good climber. The scales on the underbelly are black and white, much like a keyboard. Corn snakes feed mainly on rats and mice. They grow to lengths of about 180 cm. Corn snake Elaphe guttata ╦≈The corn snake, a member of the rat snake family, is often called the "red rat snake." Nonpoisonous, the corn snake instead constricts, or squeezes, its prey to death. It spends much of its time underground in rodent tunnels. It may also be found in outbuildings and trash heaps. The corn snake is also a very good climber. The scales on the underbelly are black and white, much like a keyboard. Corn snakes feed mainly on rats and mice. They grow to lengths of about 180 cm. Cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus ╧wThe cottonmouth is one of the most common poisonous snakes found in Florida. When threatened, these snakes will open their mouths, exposing a light-colored lining that looks like cotton. Also known as the water moccasin, cottonmouths are extremely aggressive and should be avoided at all times. Their bite is known to have been fatal to humans. Blue-black in color, cottonmouths prefer living in wet, swampy areas. Cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus ╞∙The cottonmouth is one of the most common poisonous snakes found in Florida. When threatened, these snakes will open their mouths, exposing a light-colored lining that looks like cotton. Also known as the water moccasin, cottonmouths are extremely aggressive and should be avoided at all times. Their bite is known to have been fatal to humans. Blue-black in color, cottonmouths prefer living in wet, swampy areas. Cricket frog Acris spp. ╟The cricket frog is a treefrog that lacks toe pads. Hence, they are unable to climb like their close relatives. They get their name from their call, a loud, sharp, rapid clicking. Cricket frogs can be found on the edge of shallow ponds where they use the thick vegetation to hide from predators. Small frogs (around 3 cm in length), they can be seen in a wide variety of colors. They can be recognized by a small, dark triangle located atop their heads. They feed on insects. Diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin ╞0The diamondback terrapin is a turtle found in brackish water and tidewater streams. Their numbers were once threatened by overhunting, in part because of their reputation as the best-tasting turtle. In fact, they were once raised on large turtle farms. Diamondback terrapins are now protected by law. They get their name from the diamond-shaped rings on their shell plate. Diamondback terrapins feed mainly on small shellfish, crabs, worms, and plants. Diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin ╟PThe diamondback terrapin is a turtle found in brackish water and tidewater streams. Their numbers were once threatened by overhunting, in part because of their reputation as the best-tasting turtle. In fact, they were once raised on large turtle farms. Diamondback terrapins are now protected by law. They get their name from the diamond-shaped rings on their shell plate. Diamondback terrapins feed mainly on small shellfish, crabs, worms, and plants. Eastern coachwhip Masticophis flagellum ╟AThe eastern coachwhip is a large snake, measuring up to 260 cm long. It gets its name from the scale design on its tail that looks like a braided whip. These snakes are very aggressive and active. If caged, they will strike at anything that comes close. Nonpoisonous snakes, coachwhips instead kill their prey by biting and chewing. They are very fast and often hunt with their heads raised. They live in a range of habitats, including dry, sandy flatwoods and swamps. Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus ╦╕The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the largest poisonous snake found in Florida. Specimens have been measured at over 250 cm in length. They are members of the pit viper family of snakes who use a "pit," located between the eye and nostril, that is heat sensitive and helps to locate prey. Eastern diamondbacks feed mainly on small mammals, such as rabbits, gophers, and mice. The snake's rattle, which warns others of the rattlesnake's presence, grows a segment every time the snake sheds its skin. Eastern glass lizard Ophisaurus ventralis ╠At first glance, the eastern glass lizard appears to be a snake. However, this legless lizard has movable eyelids and outer ear openings, characteristics not seen in snakes. The glass lizard likes to burrow and spends most of its time underground, in wet grasslands and pine flatwoods. It feeds on insects, spiders, and lizards. If threatened, the glass lizard can break off its tail. This action perhaps confuses the potential predator enough to give the lizard a chance to escape. Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos ╧The eastern hognose snake has two unique responses to threats by a potential predator. It will hiss, spread its head like a cobra, and strike out at its predator. It never actually bites, however. If this method fails to scare off the potential predator, the hognose will roll over on its back and play dead. Because of its ferocious appearance it is often called a "puff adder." Toads and frogs make up its diet. The hognose can be found in sandy areas or grasslands. Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos ╧The eastern hognose snake has two unique responses to threats by a potential predator. It will hiss, spread its head like a cobra, and strike out at its predator. It never actually bites, however. If this method fails to scare off the potential predator, the hognose will roll over on its back and play dead. Because of its ferocious appearance it is often called a "puff adder." Toads and frogs make up its diet. The hognose can be found in sandy areas or grasslands. Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi ╠The eastern indigo snake is the largest snake found on the Florida peninsula, reaching lengths of over 260 cm. Because of its docile nature, it makes an excellent pet. The indigo snake has become an endangered species, however, due to over-collection and destruction of its natural habitats. Indigo snakes are not poisonous, but they mimic rattlesnakes by vibrating their tails which discourages predators. Indigos feed on mammals, birds, frogs, and snakes (including cottonmouths and rattlers). Eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum ╠*Eastern tiger salamanders are amphibians. They spend most of their lives underground, usually seen only when they gather together to breed. Tiger salamanders live in moist areas and are most frequently seen near ponds and lakes. Like all amphibians, they spend the first part of their lives in an aquatic larval stage, eventually transforming into a terrestrial adult. Tiger salamanders are black with large olive or yellow spots. They grow to about 30 cm and feed on insects and worms. Fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus ╦δThe fence lizard lives in dry, forested uplands. When threatened, they will retreat up a tree or fence on the opposite side from the intruder and remain motionless. They grow to about 18 cm in length. They feed mainly on small insects. Florida Kingsnake Lampropeltis getulus floridana ╦σKingsnakes are beautiful reptiles that are brown or dull black with yellow bands. Constrictors, they eat rodents, lizards, bird eggs, and other snakes. When confronted, they vibrate their tails, hiss and strike. Kingsnakes are extremely aggressive and must be separated from other snakes in captivity. Florida Kingsnake Lampropeltis getulus floridana ╟>Kingsnakes are beautiful reptiles that are brown or dull black with yellow bands. Constrictors, they eat rodents, lizards, bird eggs, and other snakes. When confronted, they vibrate their tails, hiss and strike. Kingsnakes are extremely aggressive and must be separated from other snakes in captivity. Florida Redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata obscura ╔£The redbelly snake is a shy animal. It can be found in moist woods. If threatened, the redbelly snake flattens its body. Redbelly snakes eat slugs, earthworms, and other soft-bodied animals. They reach about 40 cm in length and can be recognized by their distinctive red, orange, or yellow bellies that have a row of dark spots on each side. Four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum ╟/The four-toed salamander is found only in the Panhandle. It lives in boggy, wooded areas and is usually seen under stones and leaves. As all amphibians they have gills during the larval stage but form lungs to breath air as adults. This small amphibian reaches lengths of only 6-10 cm. They live in boggy, wooded areas and are usually seen under stones and logs. If threatened, it can break off its tail, regenerating a new one later. The four-toed salamander eats mainly insects. Garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis ╦▄The garter snake is one of the most common and well-recognized snakes on the Florida peninsula. These small snakes are often found in gardens and near homes. If cornered by a potential predator, they can defend themselves in two ways: they either flatten their bodies, making their pattern seem threatening, or let out an unpleasant odor from a gland located near the end of the tail. They feed on frogs, toads, fish, and earthworms. Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus ╠The gopher tortoise is native to the Southeastern United States. Destruction of their native habitats have caused these docile animals to be placed on the endangered species list. They are terrestrial creatures, spending their entire lives on dry ground. Gopher tortoises are famous for their deep and intricate burrows that often house a wide array of creatures. They eat grasses, leaves, fruits and berries. They are often seen during the heat of midday foraging for food. Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus ╔èThe gopher tortoise is native to the Southeastern United States. Destruction of their native habitats have caused these docile animals to be placed on the endangered species list. They are terrestrial creatures, spending their entire lives on dry ground. Gopher tortoises are famous for their deep and intricate burrows that often house a wide array of creatures. They eat grasses, leaves, fruits and berries. They are often seen during the heat of midday foraging for food. Gray rat snake Elaphe obsoleta spiloides ╧,A fast, aggressive reptile, the gray rat snake feeds on mice, young squirrels, or small birds. For this reason, they are valuable to farmers because they help control the rodent populations. Nonpoisonous, gray rat snakes constrict and suffocate their prey. If threatened, they vibrate their tails like a rattlesnake. Gray rat snakes are excellent climbers. The angle of the scales on their undersides help them grip trees. Gray rat snake Elaphe obsoleta spiloides ╧)A fast, aggressive reptile, the gray rat snake feeds on mice, young squirrels, or small birds. For this reason, they are valuable to farmers because they help control the rodent populations. Nonpoisonous, gray rat snakes constrict and suffocate their prey. If threatened, they vibrate their tails like a rattlesnake. Gray rat snakes are excellent climbers. The angle of the scales on their undersides help them grip trees. Gray rat snake Elaphe obsoleta spiloides ╩ÇA fast, aggressive reptile, the gray rat snake feeds on mice, young squirrels, or small birds. For this reason, they are valuable to farmers because they help control the rodent populations. Nonpoisonous, gray rat snakes constrict and suffocate their prey. If threatened, they vibrate their tails like a rattlesnake. Gray rat snakes are excellent climbers. The angle of the scales on their undersides help them grip trees. Gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis ╟ Gray treefrogs can change colors to blend in with their environment--gray, brown, green, or almost white. This camouflage ability serves as their main defense against predators. They blend in so well with tree bark that predators often do not notice them until they call. Gray treefrogs spend the majority of their lives in trees, coming to the ground only to breed around the edge of a body of water. The trees provide an ample supply of insects, the treefrog's main source of food. Green anole Anolis carolinensis ╦ΦThe green anole, sometimes incorrectly called a chameleon, is possibly the most widely recognized reptile in Florida. Agile climbers, these little lizards are frequently seen in back yards, on vines, on fences, or high in trees. They use their throat fan (a flap of skin under the chin that extends out and in) for courtship or to defend their territory. Anoles can change colors due to temperature, emotion, and activity. They eat mainly insects and spiders. Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas ╟╘The green sea turtle was once a common sight along Florida's Atlantic and Gulf shores. Today, due to overhunting, run-ins with fishing nets, and development of their beach nesting grounds, the green sea turtle is an endangered species protected by the federal government. These reptiles spend their entire lives in the ocean, with only the females ever coming ashore to lay her eggs. Green sea turtles feed mainly on turtle grass, but will sometimes eat crabs and other invertebrates. Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas ╟▌The green sea turtle was once a common sight along Florida's Atlantic and Gulf shores. Today, due to overhunting, run-ins with fishing nets, and development of their beach nesting grounds, the green sea turtle is an endangered species protected by the federal government. These reptiles spend their entire lives in the ocean, with only the females ever coming ashore to lay her eggs. Green sea turtles feed mainly on turtle grass, but will sometimes eat crabs and other invertebrates. Green treefrog Hyla cinerea ╔<The green treefrog is a small frog known for its "songs"--long honks most often sung in wet weather. Green treefrogs can change color, depending on their activity. They live in swamps, along lakes and streams, or in damp areas. They are also commonly found on window sills and near street lights. They feed on insects. Green treefrog Hyla cinerea ╟&The green treefrog is a small frog known for its "songs"--long honks most often sung in wet weather. Green treefrogs can change color, depending on their activity. They live in swamps, along lakes and streams, or in damp areas. They are also commonly found on window sills and near street lights. They feed on insects. Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea ╞HThe largest of all sea turtles, the leatherback reaches weights of over 720 kg. These gentle giants were once a common sight, nesting on beaches along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. However, their numbers have greatly decreased; they are now protected by the federal government. Leatherbacks prefer deep tropical waters and feed mainly on jellyfish. They sometimes try to eat plastic bags, mistaking them for jellyfish. This can cause digestive problems, and even death, for the sea turtle. Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea ╟┌The largest of all sea turtles, the leatherback reaches weights of over 720 kg. These gentle giants were once a common sight, nesting on beaches along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. However, their numbers have greatly decreased; they are now protected by the federal government. Leatherbacks prefer deep tropical waters and feed mainly on jellyfish. They sometimes try to eat plastic bags, mistaking them for jellyfish. This can cause digestive problems, and even death, for the sea turtle. Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta ╠╠The loggerhead is the most common sea turtle found in the waters off Florida's coast. Like other sea turtles, however, the loggerhead's numbers have decreased. Many become entangled in fishing nets and drown. Development of beach nesting grounds is another threat. Like all sea turtles, the loggerhead is now protected by the federal government. Huge creatures, they reach weights of over 135 kg. They feed mainly on mollusks and other invertebrates, but they will also eat marine plants. Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta ╟╫The loggerhead is the most common sea turtle found in the waters off Florida's coast. Like other sea turtles, however, the loggerhead's numbers have decreased. Many become entangled in fishing nets and drown. Development of beach nesting grounds is another threat. Like all sea turtles, the loggerhead is now protected by the federal government. Huge creatures, they reach weights of over 135 kg. They feed mainly on mollusks and other invertebrates, but they will also eat marine plants. Longtail salamander Eurycea longicauda ╠The longtail salamander lives in swamps, wet woods, or in rotting logs and under stones on riverbanks. Like all amphibians, they begin their lives in an aquatic larval stage, developing lungs and breathing air later in life. They are brightly colored. The longtail salamander can be found in the Panhandle of Florida. They reach about 15 cm in length and feed on a variety of invertebrates. Marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum ╦═Marbled salamanders--so-called because of their black and white coloring--spend most of their lives in rotten logs or under decaying leaf litter. They are usually seen only when they gather together to breed. They live in wet woodlands and other moist areas. Like all amphibians, they spend the first part of their lives in an aquatic larval stage, eventually transforming into a terrestrial adult. Marbled salamanders grow to about 11 cm and feed on insects and worms. Mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum ╟8The mole salamander is an amphibian, which means it lives in the water in an early larval stage and on land in the later adult stage. As its name suggests, the mole salamander lives most of its life underground in wet woodlands. This salamander is a burrower but sometimes lives under logs in damp areas. Generally, the only time mole salamanders are seen is when they breed. They gather in ponds or lakes; they mate and lay eggs in just a few nights. Mole skink Eumeces egregius ╠The mole skink lives among sandy coastlines and dry inland habitats. They are often found under stranded seaweed and driftwood. This small lizard can reach a length of 16.5 cm. As their name suggests, the mole skink is an excellent burrower and spends much of its time searching out insects, spiders, and crustaceans, its main prey. Mole skinks can often be recognized by their beautiful orange, red, pink, or blue tails. Oak toad Bufo quercicus ╟,In Florida, the oak toad can be found in dry, upland pine and oak habitats. Unlike most toads, the oak toad is more active during the day than at night. It breeds in shallow pools from April to October. In recent years concern for the oak toad has become an issue because they have begun to lose their natural habitats to land development. Contrary to popular belief, touching a toad can not give you warts. They can, however, secrete a mucus that is irritating to the skin and eyes. Ornate chorus frog Pseudacris ornata ╠0The ornate chorus is a colorful species of frog. Its natural habitat includes cypress ponds, pine barren ponds, and flooded meadows. This frog's call sounds much like a hammer hitting a steel chisel. They call 65 to 80 times a minute and can be heard from late fall to early spring. They breed from December through March, depending upon the arrival of cool rains. Chorus frogs use camouflage as a way to avoid predators. They feed mainly on insects. Pig frog Rana grylio ╦╓The pig frog looks similar to the bull frog. A water frog, it spends most of its time on the edge of lakes, ponds, marshes, and water-lily prairies. It has smooth skin, webbed feet and unwebbed fingers. The pig frog is hard to see during the day, but at night, you can observe them with a flashlight if you are quiet. Their name comes from their unique call, which sounds like the grunt of a pig. Males float when calling. Pine barrens treefrog Hyla andersoni ╠ Ever see a frog with a purple stripe down its side? If so, then you spotted the rare pine barrens treefrog. This small, nocturnal amphibian is so elusive it was not even discovered in Florida until the mid-1970s. Populations in Florida occur only in the northwest section of the state. They sport bright green skin with white and lavender stripes. They spend most of their time in trees, searching out insects. Draining wetlands, the pine barrens treefrog's natural habitat, has affected their survival. Pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus ╠-The pine snake is a constrictor, which means it coils its body around intended prey and suffocates it. They are large heavy snakes, that average 150-210 cm in length. Pine snakes are good for rodent control, feeding mainly on rats, mice, and small gophers. They are excellent burrowers and are most often found in their preferred habitat, pine woods. Pine woods snake Rhadinaea flavilata ╟DThe pine woods snake can usually be found hiding under leaves, or in the center of decaying logs and stumps. Shy and hard to find, pine woods snakes live in pine flatwoods, near cypress ponds or the wooded edges of wet prairies. Their diet consists mainly of frogs, lizards, and salamanders. They have a mildly toxic saliva that aids in disabling their prey. The pine woods snake may be tan, yellow, orange, or brown and reaches lengths of about 40 cm. Pine woods treefrog Hyla femoralis ╟ The pine woods treefrog is identified by the distinctive silver to yellow spots on its inner thigh. A secretive frog, the pine woods treefrog spends much of its day in the large trees of pine flatwoods and cypress swamps. It makes a sound much like Morse code with a snore. The pine woods treefog breeds from March to October and feeds mainly on insects. Pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius barbouri ╠!The pygmy rattlesnake is the smallest of the rattler family. Pygmies can be found near lakes or marshes. Each time they shed their skin, they add another section of rattle to the tail. They add two to four segments each year. The rattle sounds a warning signal to anything or anyone approaching. Like all rattlers, the pygmy rattlesnake is poisonous. It grows to about 40 cm in length and feeds mainly on small rodents, birds, frogs, and lizards. Pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius barbouri ┼·The pygmy rattlesnake is the smallest of the rattler family. Pygmies can be found near lakes or marshes. Each time they shed their skin, they add another section of rattle to the tail. They add two to four segments each year. The rattle sounds a warning signal to anything or anyone approaching. Like all rattlers, the pygmy rattlesnake is poisonous. It grows to about 40 cm in length and feeds mainly on small rodents, birds, frogs, and lizards. Red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens ╟5An amphibian, the red-spotted newt is aquatic in its larval stage and then becomes terrestrial about three months later. After one to three years, it returns to the aquatic stage and becomes an adult. Red-spotted newts can be found in ponds and slow moving streams. Able to withstand cold temperatures, it is active all winter. Newts eat leeches, worms, and frog eggs. Rough green snake Opheodrys aestivus ╦ΓThe rough green snake is a tree climber. Its bright green color serves as camouflage when it forages among vines and shrubs for food. Its diet includes crickets, grasshoppers, moth larvae, and butterflies. Rough green snakes live in areas of thick vegetation, often near water. Scarlet king snake Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ╦▀The scarlet king snake is a small, nonpoisonous constrictor, often mistaken for the venomous coral snake. The scarlet king has thin yellow bands, always surrounded by two black bands. The poisonous coral snake, with which it is often confused, has yellow bands surrounded by red bands. These reptiles live where soils are suitable for burrowing and spend much of their day underground, coming out under the cover of darkness to search for prey. They feed on mice, small snakes, and lizards. Scarlet king snake Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ╔EThe scarlet king snake is a small, nonpoisonous constrictor, often mistaken for the venomous coral snake. The scarlet king has thin yellow bands, always surrounded by two black bands. The poisonous coral snake, with which it is often confused, has yellow bands surrounded by red bands. These reptiles live where soils are suitable for burrowing and spend much of their day underground, coming out under the cover of darkness to search for prey. They feed on mice, small snakes, and lizards. Six-lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlineatus ╟\The six-lined racerunner is common in Florida. They are found in open areas that are dry and sandy. It is fast moving. The six-lined racerunner will hide in a burrow that it has dug or one which has been abandoned by some other small animal. It eats insects, scorpions, and spiders. Slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus ╟2The slimy salamander could rightfully be called the "sticky salamander." The name refers to the animals ability to produce a sticky substance that sticks to your hand like glue. Slimy salamanders live in moist areas and feed on insects and worms. They can be found at night when they move out from cover after dark. They lay their eggs in small clusters under damp logs or moss. Slimy salamanders have blue-black skin and reach about 15 cm. Smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae ╠$The smooth earth snake only reaches about 30 cm in length. Extremely secretive by nature, these snakes spend much of their time hiding under logs and leaves. They might be seen after a heavy, cool rain searching for prey. They live in moist woodlands and other damp areas. They eat earthworms, soft-bodied insects, and larvae. Smooth softshell turtle Trionyx muticus calvatus ╦²The smooth softshell turtle is mainly an aquatic animal. They are powerful swimmers. Smooth softshell turtles prefer to be close to water. This allows them to make a fast getaway when danger approaches and to catch their food which is fish and aquatic insects. They frequently lie in sand or shallow water with only their snout and eyes exposed. Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina ╦·The snapping turtle is common throughout the eastern United States. Large turtles, known for their massive heads and powerful jaws, adults reach close to 47 cm in length. Snapping turtles will eat anything they can catch. This includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Softshell turtle Trionyx ferox ╠ The softshell turtle is easily recognized by its long, protruding neck. It has a leathery shell. Softshells are excellent swimmers and are very fast in both water and on land. Known for their nasty dispositions, softshells defend themselves with their sharp beaks. They spend much of their day buried in mud with only their snout and eyes showing. Softshells can grow to lengths of 50 cm and weigh up to 15 kg. Southern copperhead Agkistrodon c. contortrix ╦╗The copperhead, while venonmous, is a relatively docile snake. It seldom bites unless stepped on or handled. Copperheads live in upland areas and, in Florida, is restricted to a small section of the Apalachicola River basin. They have a varied diet which includes mice, lizards, and frogs. When alarmed, copperheads vibrate their tails against the ground to alert intruders of their presence. Members of the pit viper family, they use a pit located between the eyes and nostrils to locate warm-blooded prey Southern leopard frog Rana sphenocephala ╔?Common throughout Florida, the southern leopard frog can be found in most freshwater environments. It can be recognized by its dark rounded spots and short chuckle-like mating call. The leopard frog is mainly a nocturnal, or night, creature. It spends much of the daylight hours hiding in the protective and shady vegetation found around freshwater. Southern leopard frogs reproduce year-round and feed on a variety of insects. Southern leopard frog Rana sphenocephala ╦╙Common throughout Florida, the southern leopard frog can be found in most freshwater environments. It can be recognized by its dark rounded spots and short chuckle-like mating call. The leopard frog is mainly a nocturnal, or night, creature. It spends much of the daylight hours hiding in the protective and shady vegetation found around freshwater. Southern leopard frogs reproduce year-round and feed on a variety of insects. Southern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus punctatus ╟VThe southern ringneck snake lives in moist areas. Nocturnal creatures, they do most of their hunting at night. These reptiles are known for twisting their tails like a corkscrew to expose their bright red underside. When the ringneck snake is held, drops of saliva appear in the corner of its mouth. This saliva gives off a musky, unpleasant odor. Ringnecks are constrictors and feed on insects and earthworms. Southern toad Bufo terrestris ╦╨The southern toad is found in many different areas, ranging from dry to wet. Nocturnal amphibians, they are experts in catching their favorite form of food, insects. These toads are excellent burrowers and spend much of the daylight hours underground. They breed year-round and usually reproduce twice a year. Toads were once wrongly accused of causing warts on those who came in contact with them. In reality toads does not cause warts, but they can secrete a mucus that irritates the skin and eyes. Southern toad Bufo terrestris ╟)The southern toad is found in many different areas, ranging from dry to wet. Nocturnal amphibians, they are experts in catching their favorite form of food, insects. These toads are excellent burrowers and spend much of the daylight hours underground. They breed year-round and usually reproduce twice a year. Toads were once wrongly accused of causing warts on those who came in contact with them. In reality toads does not cause warts, but they can secrete a mucus that irritates the skin and eyes. Spring peeper Hyla crucifer ╟Although hard to see, the spring peeper can certainly be heard. These treefrogs have a distinctive bird-like whistle; the females "sings" to attract males and defend their territory. They live in thickets, swamps, and moist forests. They also change color, responding to a change in light, stress, moisture, temperature, or level of activity. They feed on insects. Striped newt Notophthalmus perstriatus ╠3The striped newt can be found in or near shallow water. Like all newts, they begin their lives in an aquatic larval stage, spend two to three years in a terrestrial form known as the Red eft, and finally return to the water, spending most of their lives in the water. Adults eat leeches, tiny mollusks, and frog eggs. The striped newt does not have many predators because it secretes a toxic and irritating substance. Worm lizard Rhineura floridana ╦⌠The worm lizard is a small burrowing creature often mistaken for an earthworm because of the distinct rings along its body. In reality, these creatures are covered with scales and are true reptiles. They live most of their lives underground. Worm lizards are not only limbless, they are earless and blind. They like dry, sandy areas and eat earthworms, spiders, and termites. In the continental U.S., the worm lizard is found only in the Florida peninsula. Yellow-bellied slider Trachemys scripta ╬ΩThe yellow-bellied slider is most often seen basking on a favorite log. Aquatic creatures, they live in almost any permanent freshwater environment. Young sliders mainly eat water insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. As they mature, their diet changes to consist mainly of water plants. This turtle generally is found very near water and can quickly "slide" away if threatened by a predator. Yellow-bellied slider hatchling Trachemys scripta ╬φThe yellow-bellied slider is most often seen basking on a favorite log. Aquatic creatures, they live in almost any permanent freshwater environment. Young sliders mainly eat water insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. As they mature, their diet changes to consist mainly of water plants. This turtle generally is found very near water and can quickly "slide" away if threatened by a predator. Barrier flat grassland ╞Q Beach dune community ╟¬ Beach erosion ╠╥ Coastal scrub ╟ÿ Coastal scrub ╟¢ Juncus marsh ╔╜ Lake Miccosukee ╔∙ Longleaf pine forest ╔ô Marsh habitat ╞ Oyster bars ╞φ Pine tree habitat ╞ River scene ╠╪ River scene ╠╒ Seagrass bed ╚ Seagrass bed ╚ê Seagrass bed ╚ï Seagrass bed ╚à Seagrass meadow ╠Σ Seagrass meadow ═ Alligator nest ╚ù Alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii ╠ Alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii ╠ Alligator tracks ╩ÿ Alligator tracks ╩ò Beach mouse hole ╚╨ Beach mouse hole Peromyscus polionotus allophrys ╦á Black bear tracks ╩░ Bobcat tracks ╩₧ Burrowing owl's burrow Athene cunicularia ╦à Cardinal nest ╦╩ Deer tracks ╩¡ Fiddler crab burrow ╬É Florida panther ╩Å Florida panther ╩Æ Geomys mounds ╦─ Gopher tortoise ╩î Gopher tortoise burrow ╩┬ Gopher tortoise tracks ╩ë Gray rat snake ╩â Gray rat snake ╩å Great egret ╩╢ Great egret ╩│ Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris ╚═ Mix mash of tracks ╩┼ Rabbit scat ╚╙ Raccoon tracks ╩┐ Raccoon tracks ╩╝ Red wolf tracks ╩º Red wolf tracks ╩ñ Red-cockaded woodpecker nest ╟ Sea turtle tracks ╞ Sea turtle tracks ╞ Tube worm egg case ╬ä Wild hog ╔ Wild hog rooting ╚╕ Yellow-jacket nest ╩h _Ω ─φ ≡ó ≡î µì ╛¥ ∞Φ 8y ╩╕ ê@ à ∞╞ M !$ ûê °■ ·g uΓ ·W ╫£ XE c? 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Robin ReedFSeagrass meadows are areas of high productivity. What does that mean?&Why should we care about this habitat? Barry R. Beach How are barrier islands made?5Would you build a house or business on Fishee Island?-How do plants and animals get to new islands? Sam McSludge=How will the addition of the new restaurant affect your work?SYou built a new sewage treatment plant ten years ago. What improvements were made?HWhy is it so important to cut the amount of nitrogen going into the bay?GWhat would happen if untreated sewage accidentally flowed into the bay? Winn San Sun;How will the new state park and recreation area affect you?
Robin Reed8Do gasoline spills cause any damage to marine organisms?YWhat happens at Fishee River and Snapper Bay when gasoline is spilled here at the marina?WWhat is the relationship between oxygen dissolved in water and the water's temperature?'How much dissolved oxygen do fish need?DIs the oxygen the fish breathe called the biochemical oxygen demand? Barry R. Beach(What is the social history of this area? Delores EspecialistaWhy do people pollute?&How do you stop people from polluting?'How can good planning reduce pollution? Summer Parks9How do you locate campgrounds in a state recreation area?'What are some places you have to avoid?-How do you go about designing a camping site? Woody Flats.Why are gopher tortoises a threatened species?$Why are these reptiles so important?;Can gopher tortoises be moved from one location to another? Flora Goode-Burns3Why are controlled fires important to many forests?1How does prescribed burning affect the watershed?9How do you come up with Best Management Practices (BMPs)?(What are the costs of implementing BMPs? g t ' ? E U ₧ ▒ Ö Ñ 5 D Z n t ü 4 L R b ╬ ß ╔ ╒
